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CELTIC 


ORIGIN 




GREEK 


& LAJIjN 


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Le .__ 




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LIST OF GAELIC BOOKS 

A nd Works on the Highlands 

PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY 

MACLACHLAN & STEWART, 

BOOKSELLERS TO THE DNIVERSITT, 



gJibvayg af %w^xtu. 




UNITED STATES OF AMEKICA. 



Boston's Fourfold State, 12rao, cloth, 

Crook in the Lot, 18mo, clotli, 

Brooks' Apples of Gold, 18mo, cloth, 

Bonar's (Rev. Dr H.) Christ is all, 18mo, sewed, 

Buchannan (Dugald) of Rannoch's Life and Con 

version, witli his Hymns, 18mo, clotli, .. 

... Hymns, separately, 18mo, sewed, 

Bunyan's Come and Welcome, 18mo, cloth 

... World to Gome, or Visions from Hell, cloth 
... Grace Abounding, ISmo, cloth, 
... Pilgrim's Progress, {three parts) cloth, 
... Water of Life, ISmo, cZo^A, ... . 

64 South Bridge, Edinburgh 



rtation 



s. d. 

1 6 
6 
3 

6 
1 
2 

7 

25 

4 
1 
1 


2 

2 
1 

2 
2 6 

1 



Gaelic Books Sold by Maclachlan and Stewart. 

s. d. 

Bunyau's Sighs from Hell, 18mo, fZo<7i, 2 

Heavenly Footman, l8mo, cloth, ... 1 

Holy War, 18mo, c'^o/A, 2 G 

Burder's Village Sermons, 18mo, cloth, 1 6 

Campbell (Donald) on the Language, Poetry, and 
Music of the Highland Clans, royal 8vo, cloth, 

ivith Music, English and Gaelic, 7 G 

Church, The, of the Millennium Worshipping in 

G\en T\\t, l2mo, sewed, 6 

Catechism, Shorter, Id. Gaelic and English, 2 

Mother's, Id. Gaelic and English, 2 

Shorter, with Proofs, 1^ 

Brown's Shorter, for Young Children, 1 

Confession of Faith, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2 6 

Dairyman's, The, Daughter, 12mo, sewed, 4 

Doctrine and Manner of the Church of Rome, ... 3 

Doddridge's Rise and Progress, 12mo, cloth, ... 3 

Dyer's Christ's Famous Titles, 18mo, cloth, ... 2 6 

Earle's Sacramental Exercises, 18mo, clolh, ... 1 6 

Edwards' (Rev. Jonathan) Sermon, seived, ... 2 
English Poems, with Gaelic Translations, arranged 

on opposite pages, 12mo, seived, part 1, ... 1 6 
... Part 2, Is 6d, or 2 parts in one, cZo//i, ... 3 6 
Etiquette, or Book of Good Manners, in Gaelic, ... 6 
Farquharson's (A.) Address to Highlanders respect- 
ing their Native Gaelic, 8vo, sewed, 6 

Farquharson's Hymns, 12mo, sewed, 6 

Flavel's Token for Mourners, 18mo, cloth, ... 1 

Forbes' (Rev. J.^ Gaelic and English Grammar, 12mo, 3 6 

Baptism and the Lord's Supper, 4 

... An Lochran : Dialogues regarding the 

Church 6 

... Long Gheal : The White Ship ; a Spiritual 

Poem, '. 4 

Gaelic Tracts, 58 different kinds, sorted, for ... 2 6 

Do. hound in 2 vols., cloth, G2id\ ... 2 
Gaelic Dictionary, by the Highland Society, 2 vols., 

4to, half calf, £12, 12s. for 70 

Grant's (Rev. Peter^ Hymns, 18mo, cloth, 1 6 

Guthrie's Christian's Great Interest, cloth, 2 

Harp of Caledonia, Gaelic Songs, 32mo, sewed, 3 



64 South Bridge, Edinburgh. 



/ 



THE 

CELTIC ORIGIN 



OF A GRKAT TART (IP THK 



GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES, 

AND OF MANY 

CLASSICAL PEOPEE NAMES, 

PROVED BY A 

Comparison of Greek and Latin loith the Gaelic Language 

OR THK 

CELTIC OF SCOTLAND. 



THOMAS STEATTON, M.D.Edin. 

Deputy Inspector-General, Morjal Navy. 



Second Edition. 




EDINBUEGH : 

MACLACHLAN & STEAVAET, SOUTPI BKIDGE; 

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., LONDON; 
AND JOHN SMITH, 40 TEEVILLE STREET, PLYMOUTH. 

187 0. 






^^' 



PLY.MOUIH : 
JOHN SMITH, PRINTER, TREVILLE STREET. 



THE KlfiHT HONOKABLE HUGH C. E. CHILDERS, M.P„ 



FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIKALTT, 



THIS VOLUME IS KESPECTFULLV INSCIUBED BY 



THE AUTHOR. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Celtic Oeigin op Latin ; 7, 89 

Celtic Origin of Geeek 33, 91 

Hebrew and Gaelic a 49 

Celtic Origin op Classical Proper Names 51 

Appendix 97 



PREFACE. 



In issuing a sccoiul edition of my three small publications relating 
to the Gaelic language, it occurs to me that some may wish to know 
what local opportunities the writer has had of being practically 
acquainted with that language. 

As every ten or twenty years, the number of those who speak 
Gaelic is somewhat less, it is as well to make some reference to 
dates. 

Although it is said that egotism should be avoided, let me mention 
that, born in the town of Perth (1816), I remained there for about 
eight years. 

I then lived for about five years, fifteen miles north-west from 
Perth, at Dunkeld, which is on the Gaelic border, and has been 
called the mouth of the Highlands. Being the mouth of the High- 
lands, it has been said of it, that it ought to speak Gaelic. I was in 
the way of hearing a good deal of Gaelic spoken there, but did not 
pay any attention to it. 

The next fom* years, from 1829 to 1833, I spent in Northumber- 
land. In 1831, a strong feeling of nationality which I have always 
had on all subjects, took the particular bent of a wish to learn 
Gaelic. I procured Stewart's Gaelic Grommar, Macleod and Dewar's 
Gaelic Dictionary, and some other works, and without any help, in 
the course of two or three months, taught myself the language. 

From 1833 to 1837 in Scotland, attending medical classes at 
college, I had no time for any except professional studies. 

In July, 1840 the Geltio Origin of Latin was published ; in Sep- 
tember, 1840 the Celtic Origin of Greek; and in 1845 the Celtic 
Origin of Classical Proper Names, 

I have been about twenty-six years on full-pay in the Navy, of 
which about ten years in different parts of Canada, and about ten 
years in Prince-Edward Island near Nova Scotia, and have not had 
any opportunities of hearing much Gaelic spoken. 

There are in Gaelic, some words which have been introduced from 
the English (some of these from a French or Latin source) ; these 
are not referred to in tlie following pages. 

At the same time it is right to say that there are five or six words 
such as mallachd, hiast, c^'c, which may have been taken by the Gaelic 
instead of from it. 



6 PREFACE. 

As it is likely that a third edition will appear, I shall bo glad to 
receive, addressed to myself, any corrections or suggestions that may 
occur to my readers. 

Any published criticisms, good-natured or otherwise, will be care- 
fully attended to. 

As to the area over which Gaelic is or has been spoken, and the 
degree of its use therein, some information may be found in the 
three following publications: — 

The Statistical Account of Scotland in twenty-one volumes, octavo, 
published between 1791 and 1799, was cbawn up from the communi- 
cations of the Ministers of the different parishes. To the patriotic 
exertions of Sir John Sinclair the country was indebted for tliis 
valuable work. 

The New Statistical Account of Scotland, in fifteen volumes, octavo, 
published in 1847. This is on a better plan than the former, as each 
county is in a separate volume, and may be purchased separately. 
Each parish is described by itself, 

For a gi-eat many years, Messrs. Oliver and Boyd have published 
the Edinburgh Almanac, a yearly volume containing copious infor- 
mation on all national subjects, and an abstract of the parliamentary 
acts of the previous year. It is of about nine hundred pages. It 
notes the churches where the service is either wholly or partially in 
Gaelic. The year 1845 was the one when it began to denote this : it 
is to be hoped that it will ever continue to do so. 

In 1871, the usual decennial census of Scotland will be taken. In 
the Highlands and Hebrides it would be very desirable to ascertain : 
— 1. The number of persons able to speak Gaelic. — 2. The number 
able to read Gaelic. —3. The number able to speak Gaelic and not 
able to speak English.' When the census of 1861 was taken, this 
matter was not attended to. If, at each decennial census these par- 
ticulars were ascertained and published, they would in after-times be 
looked upon as a valuable historical record. (The same steps should 
be taken in Wales, and in the Irish- speaking parts of Ireland.) 

In March, 1870, I wrote to Mr. Bruce, the Home-Secretary, sug- 
gesting that when the Scotch census in 1871 was taken, these Gaelic 
statistics should be secured: I had an answer acknowledging the 
receipt of my letter. 

The Highland Society of Scotland, the Highland Society of Lon- 
don, the Grampian Club of London, and other bodies might use 
their influence to get this information obtained about tlie ancient 
language of Albyn. 

4 Valletort Terrace, 

Stoke, 

Devonport, 

June, 1870. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN.* 



TiiK darkness of early history may in some cases be lessened by Uio 
light of etymological reseai-ch. " The similitude and derivation 
of languages allord the most indubitable proof of the traduction of 
nations, and the genealogy of mankind. They often add physical 
certainty to historical evidence, and often supply the only evidence 
of ancient migrations and of the revolutions of ages, ■which left no 
written monuments behind them," + and the assertions of those 
writers who disbelieve the Bible account of the creation of man, 
have been in part answered by a comparison of the different lan- 
guages of the earth, in the learned work of Dr. Prichard. + In the 
following Essay on the affinity of the Celtic and Latin, I confine 
my examination of the Celtic to one of its branches, namely — the 
Gaelic, or that now spoken in the Highlands and Western Isles of 
Scotland ; the words introduced are in modern use with about sbc 
exceptions, and may be found in the Gaelic Dictionary by Macleod 
and Dewar.— (Edinb. 1833.) 

It used formerly to be said that the Latin was merely a dialect of 
the Greek, but it is evident that a small part only of the language 
can be referred to a Hellenic source. 

When we reflect that the Celts, the first inhabitants of Europe, 
partly retired before the races which followed them and partly inter- 
mingled with those races, we may, a priori, suppose that some part of 
the Celtic language was adopted by the foreign tribes which settled 
in the ancient possessions of the Celts ; as in more modern times 
the Normans in South Britain adopted a great part of the language 
of the Saxons, who preceded them in the conquest of that part of 
the island ; and as it seems probable that foreigners an-iving ui a 
country would adopt some of the names given to the hills and rivers 
by the original inhabitants, we may contrast this probability with 
the fact, that in the South of Scotland, tlie names of many of the 
hills, livers and natural divisions of the country are Gaelic, having 
been retained by the Saxons who succeeded the Gael in those parts. 

In the following pages, it will be found, that the above two theories 
regarding common words and proper names are matched witli their 
corresponding facts ; it will be seen that the Latin words signifying 
such objects as sea, earth, air, &c., and domestic animals, &c., have 

* Published in 1840 with this title, "Illustrations of the Affinity of the 
Latin Langiiage to the Gaelic Language, or the Celtic of Scotland. — 
Toronto, Upper Canada. Hugh Scobie. Printed by Hugh Scobie, at 
the office of the Britiih Colotiist Newspaper, 1840." 



t Physical History of Man.— London, 1837. 



s CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIX. 

tlic same sound as their Gaelic equivalents ; and llial tlie names of 
many ol' the mountains and rivers of Italy have almost unobjection- 
able derivations provided for them tvom the Gaelic, while the Latin 
language or the Greek may he searched in vain for this xiurpose. 

In this Essay my objects are: — First, To enquire if there be any 
affinity betwixt the Gaelic and Latin. Secondly, To examine the 
amount of the aflinity and to consider which language is the more 
ancient, and the source of the other. Thirdly, To apply the same 
to history. 

The first question mentioned above is negatived by Vans Jven- 
ncdy;* with regard to the second, I lean to llie opiuion that the 
Latin is three-fourths derived from the Celtic; with respect to the 
third head of inquiry, it may be supposed that the early inhabitants 
of Eome were Celts. 

Many of the Latin words hereafter mentioned have been derived 
from the Greek, but agaiu these Greek words are deriveable from 
the Celtic, so that the question of the Celtic origin ot these words 
remains the same. 

The reader unacquainted with Gaelic is requested to notice that 
bh and mh are sounded like the English v ; ph like/; c and ij arc 
always hard like Ic; th is like ch in loch as the Scotch pronounce it; 
d and t when followed by li are generally silent. 

In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimes drops initial t, as 
ardeo from tier. 

In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimes drops initial f, as 
ars from feart. 

In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimes drops initial s, as 
avefrom saobh. 

I shall now contrast the two vocabularies : — 
Aberro, -wander : Gaelic, larraidh, wander. 
Abactus (abigo), abactio, actio, actor, actus: Euchd, af<al. 
Abalieno : Eile, another; iar^ afte r ; uidhe, a ivay. 

Abedo: Itli, eal. 

Abripio : Eeub, tear. 

Abdicatio : Deachd. 

Abeo, depart : Uidhe, a waij. 

Abrumpo : Eeub, tear. 

Absimilis : Amhuil, like. 

Abstiueo : Teanu, taibe. 

Ac : Agus, and. 

Accipio : Do, to ; gabh, take. 

Accendo : Cana, ivhite. 

Acclamo : Do, to ;. glaodh, call. 

Acclino : Claon, incline. 

Accommodo: Do, to; co, together; modh, manner. 

Accredo : Do, to ; creid, believe. 

Accresco : Cre, earth. 

Accubo, accumbo : Cub, bend. 

Aecumolo : Do, <o; co, together ; msLol, a round object. 

Accuro : Curam, care. 

Accnso : Cuis, a cause. 

Acer, acerbus, acesco, acetum, acidus, acrimonia, acritudo: Geur,- 
sharp. 
* On the Languages of Asia and Europe, 4to.— London, 1828. 



CELTIC OKli.ilN or LATIN. 9 

Acta, a shore : Ach, o bank. 

Ad : Do, to. 

Adclico : DeachJ, dictate. 

Addivius : Dia, Gud, 

Addo : Do, to. 

Admirer: Do, /o ; meviV,Jin<jcr. 

Admisceo : IMeasg, viLv. 

Admodum : Modli, manner. 

Aduiolior : Maol, a round ohjcvt. 

Admoneo : ^Iciu, »(/«'/. 

Adolco, adolcsco, adolesccns : 01, drink. 

Adore, adoratio : Do, to ; radb, speech. 

Adrepo : Cruli, bend. 

Advena : Aduan f obsolete), a stranger. 

Advolo : Aile, air. 

Acgcr, aegrotus : Ci6\\x, painful, ajjliclice ; achiar, sharp, bitter. 

Aer, aelherus : Athar, air. 

Acvuni, aetas, aeteruitas : Aoi, auidh, an age. 

Affero : Do, to ; beir, carry. 

Att'ectus, afiicio, afl'ectio : Euclid. 

Agens, agendas, agilio, agito, ago : EucliJ, an crplvil. 

Ager, afield: Acha, afield. 

Aggrego : Do, to ; greigli, a herd. 

Aguomen .• Do, to ; aium, a name. 

Agnus, a lamb : Uau, a Iamb. 

— ago, a termination of some female nouns, as virago : — ag, a com- 

mou termination of female nouns in Gaelic, as nionag, a little 

daughter, from niglieauag, from nighean, a daughter. 
Agria, an ulcer : Geur, sharp. 
Agrarius, ager .• Ar, plough. 
Albus, white : Alaiuachd, whiteness. 
Alius : Eile, another. 
Alendus : 01, drink. 

Almus, alo : 0\, drink; alz,Ah., nursing •. a\, a generation. 
Altarius, altare, altus, altum, altitudo, alte : Ailt, high, 
Altivolans .• Ailt, high ; aile, wind. 
A — privative prefix : iu Gaelic the same. 
— am, a termination of adverbs signifying manner, as clam, from 

celo : Cleidli : modh, manner. 
Am-, amb-, around: Vim, around. 
Amarus, bitter : Amli, bitter : muir, the sea. 
Ambitio. ambeo : Uim, around : uidlie, ivay. 
Ambulo, from ambeo - Uim : uidhe. 
Ameus, amentia : A priv ; mein, mind. 
Amnis : Amliuin, a river; hence many rivers iu Britain receive the 

name of Avon. 
Amniculus : Amhuin, j-iwr ; ca.o\, small. 
Amnigenus : Amhuiu; gin, beget. 
Aucon, agulus, augustia : Eang, a corner. 
Annumero : Do, to ; aireamh, a number. 
Anima, animo, animal, animus : Anam, the soul. 
Animulus : Anam ; caol. Utile. 
An — a prefix signifying with difficulty : Ana, a common prefix, with 

difficulty. 
Anhelo : Ana, with difficulty ; aile, air. 
Annus, annalis, annona : Eang (obsolete), a year. 
AppeUo, / drive : Do, to; buaill, strike. 
Appello, /«(?;.■ henl, mouth. 



10 LATIN AND GAELIC; 

Appoi'ki : J)(i, /o; hoiv, carri/. 

Apprimus ; l'riomh,,/(/-6/. 

Aril, liccciuse on lieights : Arcl, Itigh. 

—anus, a teiminatiou of nouns, as esseJaiius : -ar, from Fear, a man. 

Aratio, arator: KY,plouyh. 

Area, arceo, arcanus ; Aire, a small chal. 

Arcula : Aire ; caol, small. 

ArduiTS : Arcl, hig/i. 

Areo : arileo, ardor, areno : Tior, ch-i/. 

Argentum ; Aii-giod, silver. 

Arenula : Tior ; caol, small. 

Aries, a ram : Keithe, a ram. 

Arma : Airm, anns. 

Armifer : Airm ; beir, carry 

Arrectus, arrigor : Do, to ; ruig, reach. 

Arripio : Do, io ; reub, tear. 

Ars (originally power), the genitive art- is is a more ancient form : * 
Feart, efficacy. 

Arvalis, arvum ; Ar, plough. 

Ascribo : Do, to ; sgriobh, write. 

As — a prefix from ad, signifying to, as aspire : Do, tu. 

As — a prefix from ex, signifying out of, as aspello : As, out of. 

Aspello : As, out of; buaill, slribe. 

Assilio ; Do, to ; ailt, high. 

Assideo, assessor, assiduitas : Do ; suidli, sit. 

Aspicio, aspectus : BeacM, vision. 

Aruspex : Athar, sl-y ; beachd, viewing. 

If any of the derivations given seem doubtful to the reader, he 
is requested to remember the observation of Lord Mon- 
boddo : — " We ought not to reject derivations of words 
from roots in ether languages, though the words do not 
agree in their consonants any more than in their vowels." t 

Aspiro, aspiratus : Spreod, incite from a lost Gaelic root. 

Assimilo, assimulo : Do, to; amhuil, like. 

Astituo, asto : Steidhich, establish. 

Attenuo: Tana, thin. 

Attribuo : Treubh, a tribe. 

Avius : A, priv. ; uidhe, a ivay. 

Ac — , at — , prefixes from ad: Do, io. 

Ave : Saobh, icell. 

Avello : Peall, skin. 

Avoco : A, priv. ; focal, a ivord ; from a lost Gaelic root. 

Avolo : A ; aile, air, wind. 

Aura : Athar, air. 

Aurum : Or, gold. 

Axilla: Achlais, the axilla, 

— as, a termination of abstract nouns, 1 — as, a common termination 
as caritas (Cairdeas) > of abstract nouns. 

Aliusmodi : Eile, another ; modh, manner. 

Allabens : Allabain, loajidering. 

An, if : An, if. 

Aununtio . to tell news : Ad-nuntio : do, to ; nuadh, new. 

Antenna, the cross-piece to which the sail is fastened, or made tense : 
Teann, tense. 

Astfrom at : Ach, but. 

* Jaekel's (Jermanisclie Ursprung cler Lateinischen sprache und des 

Eoemischen volkes. Breslaii, 1832. 

+ Origin and Progress of Language, Yol. 1, p, 488. Edinb, 1773. 



T.ATTX AXn OAELTC. II 

— at, ns sanilftt, sanitas, a termination of ^ -acini, a common tonnina- 

abstract nouns derived from adjectives, ' ti(ni of abstrart nouns. 
— alio, a termination of nouns, as notiitio \ -adh, a common termina- 

from notatus past part, of noto, * tion, as 

Oibreachadh '\ a noun. 
Ag oibreaehadh j-pres. part, 
lar oibreaehadh ) past part. 
— arius, a termination of adjec- \ -or, from mhor, gjrat, a common 

tives, as boarius, t termination of adjectives. 

Audio, hear : Eisd, hear. 
Balatus, bale : Ben\,vioiilh. 
Bacca : Boc, aiv/ round ohject. 
Baccifer : Boc ; beir, carnj. 
Bacoula : Boc ; caol, small. 
Bacnlum : Bacholl, a staff. 
Bacillum : Bachol ; caol. 
Balista, balistaiium : Buaill, Ihrow. 
Bnltens : Bait, a belt. 
Bambalio : Baoth, /otf ; beul, »no»//i. 
Baro : Bnothair, a fool. 
Eai-barus : Borbarra, wild. 
Bardus, bardaicus : Bard, a poet. 
Bat : Baoth, low. 

Beatus, a beo : Bith, e.ri.ilhig: hith, existence. * 

Beatulus : Bith ; caol. 
Bellator, bellax, helium : Buaill, slril<:e. 
Beo: With, everlastitiff. 
Bestia : Biast, a beast ; it is doubtful whether this Latin word is 

derived from the Gaelic or i>ersa vice. 
Bestiola: Biast; caol. 
Blande, blandus : Blanda, courteous. 
Boans, boarius, boo, bos : Bo, o.r, cow. 
Braeca, braccata : Briogais, breeches. 
Bolus, a throw ; Buaill, throw. 
Bolns, a mass ; Ball, a round object. 
Buccula: Boo, a round object ; caol, small. 
Bis — many of the compounds of bis are in part of Gaelic origin, as 

hidens, biduum, bimaris, biremis, etc. : Deud, di, muir, ramh, etc. 
Birbulus, bubula : Bo, cow. 

Bucerus, horned like an ox : Bo, cow ; corn, horn. 
Bulla, bullo, bullio : Ball, a round object. 
Bucolica, bucolicus : Bo, cow ; gille, lad. 
Batillum : Bata, staff; caol. 

Bis, from the Greek : Da, two. 

Bicornis : Da ; com, horn. 

Biclinium : Da ; elaon, incline. 

]3icorpor : Da ; corp, a body. 

Bicnbitalis : Da; c\x\i,bend. 

Biennis: Da; eang (obsolete), n y'"'^)-. 

Bifer : Da : beir, carry. 

Biirons, frons a ferendo : Da; beir. 

Bimater : Da : mathair, mother. 

Bimestris: Da; mios, n ?noi(/7(. 

Bivius : Da ; uidhe, a watj. 

Brachium, an arm: Braeh (obsolete), an arm, 

Bucetum, pasture, a place where cattle are fed ; Bo, a coir ; aite, a 

place. 
Bucnlns, a young ox : Bo, cow ; caol, lltlh. 



]?1 CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIX. 

Eustnm, the place where dead bodies were Lamed. Perhaps once 

busetiim. Bus, death: iiite, place. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes s, as 
Cffido, to prune, from sgath, cut off. 

In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimss changes b to c, 
as pereello, per-cello,/TO)?i buaill; corusco/rombrath; cremo 
, from brath. 

In the corrupt modern method Latin c is pronounced soft before 
the small vowels e and /; in Gaelic as with the ancient 
Romans, it is always hard. 
Caballus : Capul, a horse. 
Cado,/o«: Cadam (obsolete), /«/;. 
Carruca, a little carl : Car (obsolete), a cart : beag, little. 
Calamus, a reed: Caol, slender. 
Calculus : Cailc, a stone. 

Calx, calcarius, calculator, calculus : Cailc, chalk. 
Calendffi, from calo (obsolete), call: Caill (obsolete), call; glaodh, 

a shout. 
Calendfe, from the Greek: Glaodh, shout. 
Calleo, callidus : Caill, wisdom. 
Calo, a servant : Gille, a lal. 
Camelus : Cam-al, a crooked horse.* 
Campus, eampester : Caimp, a camp. 
Camurus : Cam, crooked. 
Candefacio : Caua, ivhite: achd, an action. 
Candela, eando, candor, candidatus, caueo : Caua, v'hite. 
Cannabis : Cainb, canvas. 
Canis : Cu ; conn ; caol, little. 
Canor, cantator, canto, cantus : Caiunt, speech, 
Canus : Cana, ivhite. 

Caper, caperatus, capero : Gabhar, a goat. 
Capesso, capio : Gabh, take. 
Capra, caprea : Gabhar, a goat, 
Capreolus : Gabhar ; caol. 
Capricornus : Gabhar, corn, horn, 
Captatio, captio, captivus, capto, captura, captus; Gabh, take: 

gabhta, taken. 
Career : Carcair, a prison. 
Caritas : Cax. a friend; csdrieas, friendship. 
CiLVO, cSLvnis, flesh : Carn ( obsolete) ;./7es7;. 
Carpentum : carbad, a chariot. 

Carpo, carpor, carptus, carpus: Crubndb, bending (as of the fingers). 
Carptim : Crubadh ; modh, maimer. 
Caput, a head : Cab, a head. 
Carram, carrus : Car, a chariot. 
Carus : Car, dear. 
Caseus, caseale : Caise, cheese. 
Cateia, a dart : Gath, a dart. 
Cateia: Ga.th, a. javelin. 
Catellus : Cu ; caol, little. 
Calerva : Ceathairne, a multitude, band, ttc. ; this is the word catcran 

or freebooter; hence the name of Loch Katrine, (Sir W. Scott.) 
Causa, causer : Cuis, a cause, 
Causula : Cuis ; caol. 
Causidicus : Cuis ; deachd, dictate. 
Cathedra, through the Greek : Cathair, a seat. 
Celans, celator, celo : Cleidh, conceal. 

* From the Diction. Scoto-Celtic. 4to. Ediub, 1828, 



LATIN AN[) OALLIC. 13 

Couseo, tiiJuJt/e: Ccann, the heaJ. 

Centum, centtirio : Ceiul, a hundred. 

Centuuiviri : Ceucl; iiv, men. 

Ccleber : Cliu, imiisc : beir, bear. 

Celsus, hiijh : Ailt, hiyh. 

Cephalicus, from the Greek keiihalc, kcpli-, kcp-, : Cub, licad. 

Cera, ceratus, cereus : Ceir, ivax. 

Cerastes, ceratitis : Coru, a horn. 

Cerasus, a Cerasunte iirbe : Corn, a hum. 

C'erdo : Cedxdi, a small trader; in Scottisli, caird. 

Cerevisia, beer, from Ceres : Ce, canh : ar, plough. 

Charitas, charus : Car, a friend. 

Chirograpliium : Coir (obsolete), the hand : •^ra.hh, write. 

Chorea, a dance : Car, a turn. 

Certus, cerlo, certamen, eerno, ceruuo, ccrnuus : Ceart, rii/lit. 

Chorda: Cord, a co;v/. 

Chorus : Cor, music, 

— chra; -era; some names of towns cud iu these: Cathair, pro' 

uounced Ca-liur, a city. 
Cieo, to drive hack : Gath, a dart. 
Cingulum, cingo, cinctura : Ceangal, a (jirdlc. 
Ciuis, ashes : Cana, ivhilc. 

Cio, to stir, e.vcite : Gath, a javelin ; cath, a battle. 
Circa : Cuairt, a circle. 
Circiim — many of the words with which circum is couipouuded arc 

derived from the Gaelic, 
Cu'cus, circa, circum : Cuau-t, a circle. 
CuTUS, rough hair : Garbh, rough. 
Cithara, citharii^o : Ceathar, a harp ; cruit, a harp. 
Cista, cisterna : Cist, a chest. 
Cistula, a single diminutive : Cist ; caol. 
Cistellula, a double diminutive : Cist ; caol ; caol. 
Cistifer, cistophorus : Cist: beir, can-y. 
Clades : Claoidh, misfortune. 
Clam, a celo : Cleidh, conceal; inodh, manner. 
Clamator, clamito, clamor : Glaodh, call. 
Clathrus, clathro : Cleath. 
Claudo, claudor, claudico, clavis, claudianus, clausus, clausum, 

clausula : Cleidh, conceal. 
Clepo : Cluip, steal. 

Cliens, clienta: Cliamhuin, a client, pronounced cluiu. 
Clinamen, clriiicus, clino : Claon, incline. 
Cludo, cludor : Cleidh, conceal. 
Clueo : Cliu,/a»u'. 
Co — , col — , com — , con — , cor—: in Gaelic co — , and comh — , are 

in common use as prefixes, signifying together. 
Cognomen : Co ; ainm, na7ne. 
Cogo, cogito, cogitaus : Comh; achd. 
Collaudo : Co : luaidb, mention, praise. 
Colluco, cut down a grove ; from lucus which is a uou luceudo, from 

luceo : Leus, light. 
Coeo : Co ; uidhe, a ivay. 
CoUare, collum : Caol, narrow. 
Colluceo : Co ; leus, light. 
CoUatio, collatus : Co ; lamh, hand. 
Columba : Columan, a dove. 
Colum : Caol, narrow. 
Culumcn, cokmiis, columnarii, columella : CUol, iiavrow. 



11 CELTIC OlllaiN 01' LATIN. 

Comedo, coinesus : Co ; ith, eat. 

Comes, comitatus, comitia, comitor : Co ; uidhe, a way. 

CoDiis, comitas : Caomli, iidld. 

Comminuo : Co ; mean, small. 

Cammeo, i.e. coii-meo, i.e. eo; Uidhe. 

Commercium: Co; mavgadh, dealing. 

Commiles : Co ; mileadh, a soldier. 

Commisceo : Co ; raeasg, mi.v. 

Conisso, hud : Ceann, head. 

Conquinisco, conopeum | Cemn, head. 

Comusus, eonuitor, from comiisso : ) ' 

Copia, ivealth : Cob, abundance. This has the same spelling, but is 
a dilTei-ent word from : — 

Copia, help : Cobhair, help. 

Corbita, a ship : Cairb, a ship, 

Corium, a skin : Croic, a skin. 

Corusco, cremo : Erath, ^ce (Celtic b changed to e). 

Cremaster, a hook : Crom, crooked. 

Crudus: Cruaidh, /(«»•(? (Macarthur iu Notes on Ossian). 

CucuUus : CochuU, a hood. 

— ctum, a termination contracted from -cetum, as filictum for filice- 
tum, solictum for solicetum : -etum : Aite, a place, 

Cum, with: Comh,2vilh. 

Cum, ivhen : Ce am, tvhat time. 

Cyaneus, blue, S,-c. , Cuan, the sea. 

Commodus, commoclo : Co ; modh, manner. 

Commorior, deponent: Co; mort, active, hill. 

Communis, communitas, communico, communicatio : Co; maoiu, 
ivealth. 

Compello : Co ; buaill, drive. 

Compesco, from con and presco , Comh, together', bo, cow. 

Compile, compilatio : Co ; peall. 

Concelebro : Co ; cliu, praise ; beir, carry. 

Concaco: Co; cac. 

Concalleo : Ciall, ivisdom. 

Concenturio : Co ; cend, a hundred. 

Concentus, concentio: Co; cainnt, speee7«. 

Conceptio, conoaptus (pronounced concaptus) : Co ; gabhta, taken. 

Con — .under their simple forms, the following compounds will be 
found derived entirely from Gaelic roots — concerpo, concertO; 
concino, concipio, conclamo, concludo, conclusio, concordio. 
concorporo, concresco, concumbo, concm'o, condico, condoleo, 
confero, congener, congrogatio, conquestus, conscribo, consen 
csco, conscriptio, concessor, consideo, consido, consilio, con 
sisto, conspectus, conspicuus, conspiratio, conspiro, constans 
constituo, consto. contego, contendo, contentio, contestor, con 
tinentia, contineo, continuus, contribuo, contumulo, convolesco, 
convolo, corripio, corrotundo, corrumpo, corruptus, conglisco 
confectio, conficio, confictus, confingo. 

Cornu : Corn, a horn. 

Cor, cordatus : Cridhe, a heart, pronounced crJ. 

Corona : Coron, a crown. 

Corporeus, coi-pns : Corp, a body. 

Cortex : Cairt, hark. 

Crassus : Craois, sensuality. 

Creator, creo, cresco : Cre, earth. 

Creditor, credo, credulus : Creid, believe. 

Crypta: Crwh^dh, bending. 



TATTN AND GAELIC. \:, 

Cubans, cubiculum, cubo, cubile: Cub, lend. 

Cuneo, cuneus : Goinuc, a walgc. 

Cuniculus: Goinue; caol. 

Cura, curiosus : Curam, care. 

Curtus, curto : Goirid, short. 

Currus: Car, a chariot. 

Curriculum: Car; caol. 

Curvus, curvo : Car, a turn. 

Cyatlius : Cuach, a cup or quakh. 

Cynicus : Cu, conn, a dog. 

Cynodontes, througb the Greek : Cu, conn; deuJ, a tooth. 

Cothurnus : Cuaran, a buskin. 

Culex; Cnlag, a small _/Ii/. 

— cnlum, a termination of diminutives, as curriculum : Caol, small. 

— culum, a termination of adverbs sicnifying\ 

12 3 1 12 

manner, as clanculum; clam, Jrom celo; Cleidh, conceal; 

2 3 Vmodh, manner; caol, 

celo /WW Cleidh ; - am /;w;( niodh ; —ViW. little; rao<!ih, manner. 

/WW caol; — um./wmmodh. J 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes g to e, 
as caper /WW gabhai-. 

— danus, a termination of nouns, as oppidanus: Duine, a man. 

De, of : Be, of. 

De — negative prefix, as dearmatus : Dith, di, want r,f. 

De— intensive prefix, as debello : Dith, utterly. 

Dator, dato : Do, do. 

Decern, decimo, decuma, denarius: Deich, ten. 

Decemviri: Deich; fir, men. 

Dedico: Dia, God; do, /o. 

Dedoleo, give over grieving : Dith, want; duilich, difficult. 

Dedoleo, gneve much : Dian and teth, intens. ; duilich, difficult. 

Defectio, a revolt : Fag, leave. 

Dilaudo, praise highly : Dinn, warm: luaidh,pra/s(;. 

Dexter, dexteritas : Deas, right. 

Denique,/w)?! de, novo, and que : De of; nuadh, new ; agus, and, 

Denuo : De ; nuadh. 

Dens : Deud, a tooth. 

Desum : Di; want ; is mi, / am. 

Deus, dicatus, dico : Dia, God. 

Dearmatus and the following compounds are derived entirely from 
Gaelic roots : — 
debello, decanto, decerus, decerpo, decipio, declamo, declino, 
decollo, decortico, decretum, decumbo, defero, degenero, dego, 
delator, demens, demergo, deminus, demiror, demolior, 
demorior, denomino, depasco, depello, depilatus, deporto, de- 
prave, depulso, derepo, deripio, dei-umpo, describo, desideo, 
desidia, desido, desilio, despicio, destillo, destituo, desultorius, 
detego, detineo, devius, devolo, diminuo, direpo, dirigo, diripio, 
uirumpo, defectus, deficio, deceptio, decresco, deerro, devote, 
devotio, denoto, denude, devido, diverto, divorto. 

Dies, « dag : Di, a day. 

Dies, dium, diurnus : Dia, a dag. 

Digitus, so called because ten on the two hands : Deug, ten. 

Diu, in the dag-time : Di, a dag. 

Diverto, divorto : Da, two ; beir, carrg. 

Divide, to divide : Da, two ; uidhe, a wag. 



IC LATIN AND GAELTC. 

Divi, the lesser deities, Di-vi : Dens. The affix -vi is the same as the 
prefix ve-, and is from Eeag, lillle. 

Divinatio, divinus : Dia. 

Dieo, dieax, dietat.a : Deachd, cliclale. 

Dictator, dictio, dictum : Deachd. 

Do, dono : Do, to. 

Doceo, doc-eo : Teagaisg, teach. 

Doleo, dolor : Duilich, clifficuU. 

Dubius : Da, two ; uidlie, a icay. 

Duo : Da, tioo. 

Dis, — many of the compounds of dis are of Gaelic origin. 

Duni: knX'axa, the lime. 

Durabilis, duro : DoirbLi, hanl. 

Duumvir: Da; fir, men. 

Dynasta: 'ila,naXs,te, a thane. 

E — from ex, a prefix signifying out, as edens : As, out of. 

Ex : As, out of. 

Edo : Ith, eat. 

Eheu: Och, alas. 

Eblandior and the following compounds are of Gaelic origin : — 
ebullo, ebuUio, edico, edictum, editor, edo, eft'ero, emergo, emereor, 
emiror, emolior, eraorior, engonatiis, enumero, eremigo, erepo, 
erigo, eripio, erro, evado, evoco, evolo, exacerbo, evanesco, ex- 
actor, exanimo, exardeo, exaro, excandesco, excanto, excepto, ex- 
eruo, excerpo, excipio, exclamo, exclude, excors, excresco, ex- 
cubo, excuso, exedo, exeo, exerro, exhalo, exilio, exitium, exor- 
abilis, exoro, expecto, expello, expilo, expiro, exporto, expulso, 
exporrigo, expolio, extendo, extenno, extilo, extorris, extumeo, 
exugo, exulto, exuro, egregius, elueeo, explieo, explodo, expedio, 
explano, expleo, eflfector, eflficax, efflcio, efiigies, efflngo, exigo, 
egurgito. 

Equus: Each, a horse.* 

Eo : Uidhe, a way. 

Eugenia, through the Greek : Agh, joy ; gin, beget. 

Erythraeus : Ruaidh, red. 

— ellula, a termination double diminutives, as cistellula : Cist, chest; 
caol, stnalt; caol. 

— etum, a termination of nouns, signifying a place, as anisetum, as- 
pretium, arundinetum, bucetum, buxetum, bustum, cupresse- 
tum, carectum/or caricetum, castanetum, chalcetum, cornetum, 
coryletum, duinetiim, esculetum, ficetum, frutetum, filictum for 
filicetum, fimetum, fruticetum, glabretum, ilicetuju, juncetum, 
lumectum, lauretum, myrtetum, masculetum, nucetum, oliv- 
etum, oletum, palraetum, pinetnni, populetum, porculetuni, 
quereetum, rosetum, rubetum, sepulcretum, sabuletum, sentis- 
etum, saxetum, spinetum, salictum/or salicetum, vepretum, vii-- 
etum, virgetum, veretrum, vinetum, virgultum for virguletum. 
— et from Aite, a place. 

Ea, she : I, she. 

— en, a termination of some nouns, as numen : Isaomh, holy ; aon, one. 

Equiria : Each, a Itorse. 

Ejulo, to cry : Eigh, a shout. 

Elinguis; lingua, once tingua : Teangadh, tonpite. 

— etrum, a termination, as fulgetrum, a great lightning; — et from 
Aite, a place ; -—rum from ridh, a mmber, a collective termina- 
tion, as in eachridh, cavah-y. 

Ejulo, shout ; Eigh, a shout. 

■'■ From the Diotionarium Scoto-Celtienm, 4to, Eilinb. 1S28. 



I.ATIX AND liAKLlC. 17 

Eguvgito, gurgcs : C'uairt, « whirl. 

Eminens, hiijli : RlonnJli, « liill. 

— ellus, a tcruniiatioii of cliiuiuutives, ns libulliis : — ul, fioni cliaul, 

lUlle. 

Ill nJopUng a Celiiit word, the Latin sometimes pi-efixes /, as 
facio from aclul : changes // to /, as fratei* from brathair, 
fero from beir. 
Fa})a; Faob, a hcan. 
Fero, ferox, fertilis : ISeir, carry. 
— fer a termination of adjectives, signifying to carry, as anuifer: 

Beir, carry. 
Ferns, ferox , Fearg, anger. 
Fi, he thou : Bith, be. 
Flaoens, flaceidus : Tloo, hfwo'mg clown, 
Fodio : Fod, lur.l'. 
For, fatiir: V\.tidii\, upeech . 
Fortis, fortitudo : Feart, virtue. 
Frater: Brathair, a brother. 
Frons //•ojre ferendo : Beir, can-y. 
Fundus, fundo : Fod, turf. 
Fretus, fretum, ow arm of the ica : Fiith-mhuir, an arm of the sea: 

a firth or frith. 
Fero, carry : I3eir, carry. 
Ferveo, to be hot : Brath,. fire. 

Flaccus, hanging down : Plocaeh, hewing su-oln cheeks. 
Flagello, to tltrash : I'loc, to strike. 
Flo, to blow : Aile, air. 

Celtic c is changed to Latin/, as filius /ro»i caol; Mam from 
caol; fragosus/rom craig; tanis from caoin : also Celtic c 
is changed to Latin ;;. 
Faber : a workman : Obair, icork. 
Furo, to be angry : Fearg, anger. 
Furniis, an oven : Brath,./(re. 
Folium, a leaf: Bileach, a leaf. 
Fallo, diceicc : Feall, deceit. 
Fluctus, fluo, flumen : Fluich, u-ct. 
Fuga, fugo, fugio : Fogair, expel. 

Frux, frugaliter, frumentum, frutico, fnior : Beir, hear. 
Frustum : Bris, break. 
Frivolus : Frith, small. 
Farina : Bruth, bruise. 

Fala, a tower to throw darts from : Buaill, throw. 
Falarica, falare, from fala: Buaill, throw. 
Foetus, a birth : Bith, e.vistence. 
Fragor, a ?iojse ; fra-gor : Gaoir, jioise, 
Fui, / have been : Bha, ivas. 
Fulmen, a stroke of lightning: Buaill, strike. 
Fundo, to pour out : allied to Ouadh, a ware. 
Fando, to found: Fod, turf . 
ruturus,/M<M)-e: Bith, Z»e; iar. a//er. 
Futilis,/z(//7e: Bith, be ; -ol, caol, little. 
Fur, a thief: Beir, carry. One who carries off. 
Facinus, facilio, facto fro7n facio, to do : Aclid, a deed. 
Facio, to do : Aclid, a deed : Euchd, a feat, an achievemmi ; from tbi?, 

several adjectives are formed. Enehd, nn exploit; hsnoe each- 
dire, an historian. 
Fingo, fictio, figura/row facio : Afhd. 
Fundus, ?an/7: Fod, turf. 



18 CELTIC or.IGIN OF LATIN, 

Funero, io bury, from fundus: Fod, iuif. 

Fragro, to be sour ; Geur, sharp, 

Fragor, noise : Gaoir, noise. 

Frio, crumble : Bruth, bruise. 

Frieo, rub : Brwth, bruise. 

Frigeo, io be cold : Keodb, ieogh,freese. 

Frigo, to fry : Brath,.^re. 

Facuiidus, eloquent : Focal, a ivord. 

Frustra : Bris, break. 

Frustro, to disappoint : Bris, break. 

G — , in Gaelic is always pronounced hard before the small vowels 
e and i, which is a proof that it was so pronounced by the 
Eomans. 

Gens, gentilis: Cinneadh, a family, clan. 

Galbanus, galbanum : Geal and ban, whiie. 

Gannio ; Cu, genitive conn, a dog. 

Geno, genero, generalis, generosus, gigno, genitura, germen, germino, 
genuinus : Gin, beget. 

Glacies: Gea\, wldlt, 

Gladius : Claidheamh, a sword; the French glaive and Scotch 
" clay "-more. 

Gloria : Gloir, glory. 

Grabatus : Crubadh, bending. 

Grando, granum ; Grasa, grain. 

Graphium, grammatica, through the Greek : Grabh, write ; grablial, 
engrave. 

Gratus, gratia : Gradh, affection. 

Grex, gregarius : Greigh, a herd. 

Gula : Caol, narrow. 

Gyrus, through the Greek : Cuairt, a circuit. 

Gallicus, Gallia, Galatia : Gaelig, Gael, perhaps from coille, a wood. 
The Celtic languages of Scotland are two in number :—l. The 
Gaelic now spolven in the Highlands. 2. The Galwegian or the 
extinct language of Strathclyde and Galloway, which more 
resembles the Welsh than the Gaelic. Every Highlander 
regi-ets that there is not a Professorship of Gaelic in one of the 
Universities of Scotland. 

Garbh, rough ; beann, a hill ; monadh, a 
mountain. 

12 3 4 3 6 
Grampii montes, 

Gra, from garbh, 

ni, euphonia; gi'atia before p, 

3 
pii, from beann, a hill, 

raon, from monadh, 

t, euphonise gratia after n, 
c 

es, a plural termination not derived from 
the Gaelic. 

Gratice : Gradh, love, affection . 

Glaueus: Gins, grey. 

Gelu, ice: allied to Geal, ichite. 

Gemino, io couple together : Comh, together. 

Gd^mo, iojahher: Co, together; P^nih, speech. 



Grampii montes, 
mountains of 
Scotland, the 
Grampians. 



CELTIC UKIGIX UF L\TIN. l!l 

Giailus, a ticp : the meaning is not (luitc the buiuc : Lii'ail, ntoi-c quirkli/. 

Gi-iivis, hui-i!, JilVcult : Garbli, rough. 

<iibl)a, gibbus : Gibean, hunch in the lack. 

Gurguo ; Ciiairt, a whirl. 

Graudis from gravis: Gaibh, roiigli. 

( iallus, a eoclc : Coileach, a cock. 

Galbaiius, hriglit, irhile: Geal, u-liilc ; ban, wlu(c. 

t iouiphus, a hook: Cam, croolcctl. 

Gnata, a daughter : Gin, hegcl. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometime^ omits initial g, 
as horreo from garbh ; liabeo from gabli ; and sometimes 
omits initial c, as hamus /ro»(. cam: horreo ./Vvihi crith. 

Hora: Uair, time, an hour; no Gaelic word begins with h. 

llumilis: Unihail, humble. 

Heri: \a.\\ after; di, dag. 

Honor, honestus : Onair, honor. 

Hydrophoria : Doir (obsolete), water; heir, carrg. 

Hjdrus, hydra, hydria : Doir. 

Hirudo, « leech, from haereo, I slick: Air, on. 

Huraidus, uvidus: Abh, water. 

Hydrargyrum: Doir, it-u^e;-; aii-giod, ;i!7tur. That is, liquid silier. 

Hordenm : Eorna, barleg. 

HoiTeo, shiver: Crith, strike. 

Habeo, / have : Gabh, take. 

H&mns, a hook: Ca.m, crooked. 

Hasrio, to stick: allied to Air, on. 

Ha3res, hesito, from hferio. 

Halcj'onium, "the indurated foam of the sea." — Pliny: Ailc, air; 
cuan, sea. 

Halo, to breathe : Aile, air. 

Herus, a master : Ai'd, high. 

Horreo, to be rough : Garbh, rough . 

Habena, a rein ; what is held in the hand, from habeo : Gabh, take. 

Habitus, habitatio, habilis from habeo : Gabh, lake. 

Heros, heroicus : Ard, high. 

I ( ab eo) : Uidhe, a wag. 

In — prefix, as incipio : Ann, in. 

Ig,— il — , im^, in — , ir, negative prelix; Ana, a common negative 
prefix. 

— im, a termination of adverbs signifying manner, as carptim : Modi), 
a manner. 

Inter: Eadar, between. 

Immergo and the following compounds will be found under their 
simple forms derived from Gaelic words : — imminuo, immisceo, 
immortalis, immoderatus, immodestus, impactus, impasco, im- 
pello, importo, impulsor, inagitatus, inarmis, inardeo, inaro, 
inartificiaiis, inauro, incandesco, incaiiesco, incanto, incelebris, 
incendiarius, incentivus, incero,incingo, incino, incipio, inclamo, 
inclino, includo, incolumis, iucommodo, incontinens, incon- 
stans, incorporeus, incuiTuptus, increbo, incredibilis, incubo, 
ineumbo, incuria, incuiTO, indico, induro, ineo, inequito, inermis, 
ineiTO, infero, infodio, ingenero, ingigno, inglorius, ingratus, 
inhonestus, initium, innovo, innumerus, insatiabilis, inscribo, 
insedatus, insenesco, insideo, insimulo, insinuo, insisto, inspicio, 
inspire, instigo, instillo, instituo, insulsus, iusulto, insuper, 
insincerus, intercipio, intercino, intercludo, interdico, interfodio, 
iuterfor, interlateo, interluco, intermedins, interlunium, inter- 
misceo, intermorior, iiiternidifico, interims, iuturpello, iiiterrex. 



20 LATIN AND GAELIC. 

iuibellis, iuteriumpo, interscribo, intestatus, iuvaJo, iuvius, 

invoco, inurgeo, inuro, irrepo, irrumpo. 
Jiigeuium: Eanchain, 6;vh« ; ann, in; ceann, Itcad. 
Juclytus: Ann, in; cliu, fame. 
I.ijuomiuia : Ana, 7iof ; amm,7iame. 
lllunis : Ana, ?iol; lua.n, moon. 
lllueeo : Ana; \eus, light. 
Insula, an island, perhaps anciently a small island: lunis, idand ; 

caol, small. Tnsb, Scottish. 
Interim : Eadar, between ; am, time. 
Intectns, covered : Ann; tigh, roo/. 
Intectns, bare : Ana, not ; tigh, roof. 
Iter (ab eo), itio, itus : Uidhe, a way. 
Inedia : Ann, in ; di, dith, loant. 
Interamna ; Eadar, between ; amhuin, a river. 
— ilia, — a termination of diminutives, as mammilla : Caol. 
— iculus, a termination of double diminutives, as fasciculus from 

fascis : — ag from Beag, little ; ul or ol from caol, small. 
Infra: Ana, not; bar, top. 
Ico, to smite ; Gatli, a dart. 
— ibus, termination of dative plural, as regibus : the same in Gaelic : 

— ibh, as righibh. fFrom Prichard's Eastern Origin of the 

Celtic Nations, p. 183.) 
— ix, a tei-mination of female nouns, as potrix, potric, poti-ig : — ag 

a termination of Gaelic female nouns, as nionag, a little daughter, 

from uigheau, and beag, little. 
Indico, to put on : Euifacb, clothing. 

— im, a termination'^of adverbs relating to time, as olim : Am, time. 
Lacus : Loch, a lalce. 

Lacuna, a hollow place : Loch, a laltc ; an, mean, little. 
Lamina : Lann, a sicord. 
Late, latitude, latus : Leud, breadth. 
Lateo, latesco : Luidh, lie. 
Laus, laudo : Luaidh, mention, praise. 
Lima, limo: Liomh, a^f^e. 
Litera : Litir, a letter. 
Lucifer: Ijens, tight ; heir, carrg. 

Leo, gen. leon-is, which is the more ancient form : Leomhan, a lion. 
Lingua, anciently dingua, ligurio, lingo : Teanga, a tongue. 
Luceo, lucidus, lucubratio, lucus, lux : Leus, light. 
Lucus, a grove, a non lucendo, luceo : Leus. 
— lentus, a termination of adjectives, as luculentus, opolentus : Lan, 

full. 
Latro, a highwayman, a mbber; latro : Luidh, lie down. 
Larix, the larch : Learag, the larch. 
Lorica: Luireach, a coat of mail, 
hvetns, joyful : Aiteas, joy. 
liancea, a lance : Lann, a sword. 
liamina, a plate : Lann, a sword. 
Lambo, to lick with the tongue • Liob, Up. 
Lambero, to cut, from lamina: Lann, a sword. 
Lanius, a butcher, from lanio : Lann. 
liapis, a stone ; ia-pis : Lia, a stone. 
Legio, a legion : Luchd, people. 
Lembus, a bark, a fishing-boat : Long, a ship. 
Lembunculus, a little bark; a double diminutive: Long, a ship: 

— an from mean, small ; caol, little. 
Tiar, thejireaidc, one's home, ^-c. : Lar, I he, floor. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN. 21 

Lana, wool, moss, cotlon : Lion, liiit,Jla.v. 

Lapso, slip : Lub, bend, incline. 

Mamma : Mam, a round hill. 

Mammilla : IMara ; caol, small. 

Slaledictum : Mallachd, a curse ; this word has lioen borrowed by tlio 

(Jaelic from the Latin. 
Mare, margo, marilimus, niarinus : Mmv, llw sec, from mu, around, 

and tir, laud. 
Mater, maternii^, matrona- Matliair, a mother. 
Me (mej: Mi, (/). 
Medius, medulla : Meadhon, middle. 
Mel : Mil, hmmj. 
Mellifer : ;\lil, honey ; beir, hear. 
IMellilioo : Mil ; achd. 
Mens : Mein, the mind. 
Mensis, menstruus : Mies, a month. 
Meo (ab eo) : Uidhe, a loay. 
]\Ierces, mercor, mercenarius : Margadh, trading. 
Mergo, mergus, mersor/ii-o7)i mare : Muir, the sea. 
Meridies: Meadhon, 7)u'rf(?/e ; di, dat/. 
Meus, mi, mihi : Mi, /. 
Miles : Mileadh, a soldier. 
Mille : Mile, a thousand. 

Minus, minor, minutus, minuo, minimus : Mean, small. 
Misceo, miscellanea: Bleasg, ?»a-; perhaps from uim, n)'0!«i(?; uisge, 

umter. 
Mirus, mirabilis : Menr, finger. 
Mitis, mitigatio, mitesco : Maoth, soft. 
Modus, modulus, modestus, moderor : Modh, manner. 
Mola : Meil, grind. 

Moles, molestia, molior : Maol, a round object. 
Moneo, (mens), monitor: Mein, Mjnrf. 
Mous, montanus : Monadh, a hill. 
Mos, moralis : Modh, manner. 
Mordeo, bile : Mir, a bite. 
Mors, mortalis : Mort, kill. 
MuUus : Mullach, a mullet. 
I\Iutio : Maoth, soft. 
Major, majestas : Mor, great. 
Muria, salt water : Muir, the sea. 
Murus, a ivall : Mur, a u-all. 
Mundus, neat, delicate : Mnaoi, a ivoman. 
Munus, a gift : Maoin, ivealth. 
Mutilus, without horns : Maol, without horns. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial s, 
as nis//'oTO sneaclid; no from suamh ; neo from sniomh. 
Nae, really : Ana, very. 
Ne, not : Neo, not. 
'Ne, whither: An, if. 
Neu : Neo, not. 
Ni: An, if 

Natrix : Nathair, a serpent. 
Nebula, nebulo : Neul, a cloud. 
Nidus : Nead, a nest. 
Nitidus : Nighte, washed. 
Nix : Sneachd, snow. 
Nolo, i.e. non volo : Neo, not ; aill, rvill. 
Nomen : Aium, a name. 



3-3 CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN. 

Nomenelatura : Ainm; caill (obsolete), c(dl: glaodh, eaW. 

Nox, nocturnus : Nochd, night. 

Non : Neo, not. 

Noous, novera : Naoi, nine. 

Numeius : Aireamh, a number. 

Nuncupo : Ainm ; gabh, take. 

Nux: Cno, a nut. 

Note, notavius, notio, uota : Noeliil, sliew. 

Nuraen, a deity : Naomh, holi/ ; aon, one. 

Nudns, naked: Noclid, naked. Nochd from neo, not, and oudach, 

clothed. 
Nucleus, diminutive from nux : Nux /cojji Cno, ?j!(/ ; caol, little (in 

compos, -ol.) 
Nudiusquartus, /o!«' (iays «^o ; nu-dius-quartus: kn, the; (Hi, day ; 

cealhar, .four. 
Nundinum, the market; so called because it was held every nine 

days : Naoi, nine ; di, a day. 
Nuntio, to carry news : Nuadh, neiv. 
Neo, spin : Sniomh. spin. 
No, swim : Snamh, swim. 
Nudus : Nochd, 7ialced. 

Nucetum, a place where nuts ure found : Cno, a nut : aite, a place. 
Niger, black : Nochd, 7iiqht. 
Nimbus, a cloud: Neamh, the skies. 
Ningo, to snow : Sneaehd, snow. 
Nemus, a grove : Naomh, holy. As religious cei'emonies were there 

performed. From Prichard. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial b, 
as 0V0//-0?)? buadh; oleo/cow boladh. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial/, 
as orgia//-o);i fearg. 
Octo : Ochd, eight. 
Ora : Oir, a margin. 
Oleum : Uilleadh, oil. 
Olor: Eala. 

Opus, operis : Obair, work 

Ob — , many of its compounds are from the Gaelic. 
Oratio, oro, orator, oraculum, os, oris : Radh, speech. 
Oratiuncula: Eadh; mea.r\, little : caol, liitk. 
Oriens : Ear, the cast. 
Ovum : Ubh, an egg. 

Os — , prefix as in ostendo : Os ceann, aboi^e, over head; ceann, head. 
Ovo, ovatio : Buadh, victory. 
Orgia: Fea,xg, c.vcitement. 
Ostendo /ro?/} teneo: Os ; tea.nn, tense. 
— or, a termination of nouns, as orator: — ar, a common termination 

of nouns, from fear, a man. *" 
Oceanus : Aigeann, the deep ; cuan, the sea. 
Olim, formerly ; ol-ira : Ei\e, another ; a,m, time. 

Ob — , a prefix signifying 1. around; 2. against. The second is in- 
eluded in the first. Ob — ,from uim, around, m being changed to 6. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes p, as 
pater //-o^re athair, plenus//-o??i Ian, privo/row reub, pro /)■<)?» 
roi, per //'om ro, piscis/;-o?n iasg, post.ft-ojre ais. 

In adopting a Celtic word, tlie Latin sometimes changes initial c 
top, as c also is to Greek p : see pullus, pauluni, pollen, 
palumbus, pasan, pontus, pugna, par, peto, pius, poena. 
* From Stewart's Gaelic Grammar, 2a edit. Edinb. 1812. 



LATIN AND GAELIC. -43 

Pugua: CoQ, jiijhl. 

Par, a couple : Caraid, a couple. 

Peto : Ccad, leave, permission. 

Pius, kind : Caomh, affeclioiiate. 

Poena : Caoin, lament, wail. 

Pontus, the sea : Cuan, the sea. 

Piiean, a hymn : Cainnt, .ycedi. Hence cano, siwj. 

Pulex : Cuileag, a Jlea. 

Pullus, the young of every lhin<j : Caol, Utile. 

Paulum, a Utile : Caol, little. 

Tnulwlum, a very little ; a double diminulive : Caol; -id from caol: 
modli, manner. 

Pollen, S7nall dust : Caol, small. 

Pulvis, powder : Caol, small. Or from lueil, grind. 

Palla : Peall, a skin. 

Pabulum /cow pasco, pari : Bo, a cow. 

Pars : Pairt, a part, 

Particula : Pairt ; caol, little. 

Pai'cus, parento, pario, parturio, partus : Beir, carry. 

Per — , pel — , a prefix, through, thoroughly : Troi, through. 

Per — , a prefix, thomtghly : Eo, very. 

Peracer and the following compounds will be found under their 
simple forms derived from the Gaelic : — perago, peragro, pernr- 
duus, peraro, percarus, percelebro, perficio, percipio, percolo, 
perduro,perdoles,pererro, perfrigeo,perluceo, permisceo, pernox, 
pernumero, peroratio, perpello, pai-ticipio, persalsus, perrumpo, 
perrepo, persedeo, perscribo, persido, persisto, perspicuus, persto, 
persulto, pertego, pertendo, pertenuis, pertinacia, pervius, per- 
Yolgo, pervolo, peruro, pervulgo, and many other words beginning 
with per. 

Pasco /rom bos, pastor : Bo, a cow. 

Pello : 'QVia^^, strike, drive. 

Pellis, pellio: Peall, shin. 

Pilum, pilanus, pila, pilatus : Buaill, strike. 

Pila, a ball : Ball, a round object, 

Pila, pileus, pilosus : Peall, skin. 

Piscis: lasg, ajish. 

Plaga : Plaigh, a plague. 

Plenus, plenitude : l^&xi, full. 

Poena, poeualis, poenitentia: Vi&n, pain. 

Politicus, through the Greek : Baile, a town. 

Porto : Beir, carry. 

Portus : Port, a harbour. 

Pra3 : Eoi, before. 

Prse — , prefix : Eoi, a common prefix. 

Pra3— , intensive prefix, as prrecarus: Eo, very. 

Peregre, quasi per agros : 'Vxo\, through; ax, plough, 

Pridie : Eoi, before; di, day. 

Primus: Priomh, /»•«/. 

Primigenius: Priomh,^is<; gin, beget. 

Pro, before : Eoi, before. 

Pravus: F<o, very; h&oth, bad. 

Prrecino and the following are from the Gaelic : — pra3cipio, prtecludo, 
prseconceptus, prtedivino, pr^dico, prseeo, praefatio, prasferor, 
prsegignor, prseluceo, j)r£emoneo, praeripio, xjraescribo, praesideo, 
prsesilio, prjesto, prsesulto, prcetendo, prsetenuis, pr?erideo, pro- 
clamo, proclino, procreo, procubo, pi-ocui'o, prodeo, prodigo, 
prodo, profero, proficio, progeuevo, progenero, promiscuus, pro- 



24 CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 

mulgo, propello, propediem, propemodum, propulso, proripio, 
proscribo, prosilio, prospectus, prosto, protego, proverbium, pro- 
video, provivo, provulgo, propono. 

Pi'oli ! Eo, very. 

Puer: Bar (obsolete), a son. 

Prope (ex pro vel prte, Seal.) : Eoi, hefore. 

Proeul: '&.Q,very\ cul, behind. 

Pudeo : Baoth, vile. 

Puella : Bar, son ; caol, lillle. 

Pulse, pulto : Buaill, strike. 

Punio: Vinn, punishment. 

Prora : l!oi, before. 

Periodus, periodicus : Eoi, before ; uidhe, a way. 

Privo, privatus, privatio : Eeub, tear, deprive. 

Pes, from the Greek; in many instances the Greek, in adopting a 
Celtic word, changes c to p : Cos, foot. 

Pareo, I obey : perhaps from Bar (obsolete), son. This has the same 
spelling, but is a different word from :— 

Pareo, / appear : Eoi, before; beir, carnj. 

Polio, to polish, from the Greek polls : Baile, a town. 

Palatio, a foundation made in loel ground by driving in piles : perhaps 
from Buaill, strike. 

Perendie, over otie day: Bar, over; aon, one; di, a day. 

Publicum : half of this is from the Celtic; pub-licum : Luchd, people. 

Pudeo, to be ashamed : Baoth, icicked, .^c. 

Ta,uci, few: Beag, small. Small in number. 

Pallo, a covering, a garment : Feile, a plaid. 

Pallium, pallea, &c.,from pallo : Feile. 

Pingo,/;-OTO fingo,//-ow facio : Achd, a deed. 

Puerperium : Bar, a son ; beir, to bear. 

Pulmen/roTO pulso : Buaill, strike. 

Promontorium : Eoi, before; monadh, a hill. 

Proprius : Eo, very ; briadha, pretty. 

Post, after : Ais, behind. 

Pono, to lay down, to place : Bun, a foundation. 

Pera, a bag to carry victuals : Beir, carry. 

Pusio, a boy : Paisd, a child. 

Pusillus, from pusio. 

Purus, pure, fit for sacrifice : Brath, fire. 

Puteus a well or pit : Pit, a hollow. It occurs in names of places, as 
Pitlochrie. 

Pyra,_a ivood-heap for afire : Brath, ^;-c. 

Pjralis, pyrites, pyrausta, and several other words beginning with 
pyr— , are through the Greek, from Brath, ^re. 

Pyrgus, a tower : Burg, a tower. 

Pyren,_ihe kernel or stone of fruit, such as cherries : Cridhe, heart, pron. 
en, as if the heart of the fruit. 

Pygmeeus, small: Beag, small. 

Purgo, purifico /rom purus: Erath, fire. 

Pyrtanffium, where Vesta's fire was kept: Brath,^re. 

--potens a termination of adjectives, as sagittipotens ; Buadh, victory. 

Potis, able : Buadh, victory. j ./ 

Potior, potens, potentia: Buadh, victory. 

Praetor //-om pras-itor : Eoi, before ; uidhe, a way. 

Planitia, a plain : Leana, a plain. 

Preetimeo, to fear before-hand: Bo, before; tioma, afraid. This has the 

same spelling, but is a different word from :— 
Prselimeo, to fear greatly : Ro, very; tioma, afraid. 



CELTIC OIIIGIN OF LATIN. 2a 

Paludatus, clulhcd : Feilaeadh, a covering. 

Palumbus, a pigeon : Cohimnii, a pigeon. 

Pango, io plant : Bun, a foundation. 

Va.as\m, here and there (like footsteps) ; from pes : Cos,/()o/. 

Passus, pace/TO»t pes: Cos, afoot. 

Peculium, pecmiia/rom pecus: Bo, a cow. 

Pelluceo /or i)erluceo; ■^av from ro, very : Leus, light. 

Perdo, tn ivaste, from the Greek perdo : Brath,/(>e. 

Perpetuus, perpetual : Ro, vcrg ; bith, being. 

Pessimus, t!te worst, the lowest, from pes : Cos,/oo^ 

Pessundo, Io cast underfoot, from pes : Cos, foot. 

Pestis, a pesl, death : Bas, death. 

Peto/rom pes : Cos, afoot. 

Qua : C'e, ivho. 

Quadro, quator : Ceatliar, /o«r. 

Ciufestio : Ceist, a question. 

Qui, quiane : C'e, ivho. 

Quid, quidni : Ciod, lohai, 

Quies, gen. ciuiet-is, quiesco : Cuid, 7-e$t. 

Quinque : Cuig,,/?ye. 

Quomodo : C'p.,ivho; xaodh, manner. 

Qu — , Celtic c is sometimes changed to Latin qu. 

Qu — , Celtic b is sometimes changed to Latin qu, as it is also to 
Latin c ; as 

Quatio, baiter: Bat, a staff; bat, beat. 

Queo, to be able, to may or can : Bith, be. 

Quum, when: Ce am, u'hat lime. 

Qneror, io lament : Ciouran (ohsolete), melancholy music. Fromcion, 
desire ; oran, a song. 

Qna.udo,whe7i: C'nin, to hen; ce, ivhal ; nme, time. 

Quantillum, how Utile: Ciod, what ; -ol from caol, liltle. 

Quicum, ivith whom : C'e, who ; comh, loith. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial d, 

as ros from drus. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial c, 
as repo /row crub. 

Ramus : Ramh, an oar. 

Rapio, rapidus, rabidus, rapto, rapax : Reub, tear. 

Rectum : Reachd. right. 

Rex, rego, rectio, regnum : High, a king. 

Re — , prefix, again : A ris, again. 

Rebellio and the following will be found under their simple forms, 
referred to Gaelic roots : — reboo, rebello, recandeo, recauo, re- 
canto, recello, receptaculum, reeepto, receptio, recingo, recipio, 
reclanio, recliuo, recludo, recogito, recreatio, recorder, recreo, 
recrementum, recresco, recubo, recumbo, recupero, recuro, re- 
curvoo, redardesco, reddo, radio, redigo, redoro, redundo, redar- 
esco, refectio, refero, reficio, refodis, refrigeo, refrigero, rehalo, 
rejicio, relatio, reluceo, remisceo, remolior, renarro, renovo, re- 
pello, reporto, repreesento, repuerasco, I'epulso, repurgo, requi- 
esco, rescribo, reseco, resideo, resido, resilio, resisto, respecto, 
respiro, restillo, restito, restituo, resto, resulto, retego, retendo, 
retento, retineo, retorresco, retroactus, retroeo, retrorsum, reval- 
esco, revenio, revideo, reviso, revisito, revoco, revolo, revolvo, 
revulsio, revolutus. 

Repo ; Crubadh, creeping. 

Rigeo, rigidus : Jieogh, freese. 

Rhetor, through the Greek : Radh, speech. 



26 LATIN AND GAELIC. 

Eota, I'otundus : Eotli, a tohecl. 

Eeperio (ex re et pario, Fest.) : A lis, again ; Leir, bear. 

Eupes : Eeub, tear. 

Eetro/rom re : A ris, again. 

Eivus: 'R\xi\h,ruii,floiv. 

Eivulus : Euith ; caol, in compos, chaol and pronounced ul. 

Kumpo : Eeub, tear. 

Eucto : Braclid, belch. 

Eosmarinus : Eos, a rose; muir, ilie sea. 

Eosa, a rose : Eos, a rose. 

— rium, a collective affix, as rosarium, saginaiium. 

— ridb, a collective affix, as eacliridh, cavalry, from each, a horse. 

Eosarium, abed of roses: Eos, arose; — ridh, a collective termina- 
tion of some nouns, as in eachridli, cavalry, //-o??! each, a horse. 

Eostrum, a beaJi, Sfc. : Eos, a promontory. 

Eos, deiv : Drus, e.vudailon. 

Euo, to fall, to rush : T^nith, flow. 

Eutilus, red : Euaidh, i-ed. 

Ecus, arraigned, perhaps because brought before the Icing for trial, from 
rex : Eigh, king. 

Eegulus, a petty king : Eigh, king; -ol from caol, little. 

In adopting a Celtic word, tlae Latin sometimes inserts I after 

initial s, as stiUo from sil. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes s, as 
similis from amhuil, strenuus from treun, scando fro7n 
ceann, sciudo /ront geinn, spolium /ro?» peall, sportula/rom 
heir, sndo from ad. 

Saccus : Sac, a sack. 

Sagitta : Saighead, an arrow. 

Ssevus : Saobh, fierce. 

Sal : Sal, sail. 

Salio, salax, salebra, salto, saltus : Ailt, high. 

Sat, satis, satio, satietas : Sath, satiety. 

Satisfacio : Sath ; achd. 

Satisdo: Sath; do, ^o. 

Scarifico : Sgor, a rock ; achd, an act. 

Scribo : Sgriobh, write, from sgriob, a line. 

Sed,f7-om sedio : * Suidh, sit. 

Se, himself, themselves : Esan, himself. 

Se — , prefix, apart : Esau, himself. 

Secludo : Esan; cleidh, co7!ceaZ. 

Segrego : Esan ; greigh, a herd. 

Senatus, senex : Sean, old. 

Sedatvis, sedeo, sedes, sedo, sessor, sido : Suidh, sit. 

Septem : Seachd, seven. 

Septemviri: Seachd: fiv,men. 

Serra : Searr, a saw. 

Sex : Se, six. 

Siccus : Seac, dry. 

Similis: Amhuil, Zi/c-e (Yxom Stewart) . 

Sine : Is e neo, is it not. 

Sincerus,/i-om sine and cera : Ceir, %oax. 

Sisto, situs, statio, statini, status, sto : Steidhich, establish ; stad, slop. 

Solus, solo : Leus, light. 

Solstitium : Leus ; stad. 

Spolio: Peall, s/ein. 

*rrom Barclay's Sequel to the Diverbiojis of Furley —Jjonion, 1826. 
page 81. 



LATIN AND GAELIC. 87 

Stillo : Sil, a drop. 

Strenuus: Trcun, io?(/. 

Spii-o, and the Gaelic spreod, iiiriic, are from a lost < iaelio root. 

Specialis, species, specie, spectaculuni, spectator, spocto, spectrum, 

speculor; Beaclul, y?s/y«. 
Snecus: tingh, juice. 

Sub — , ninny of the compounds of sub ai"e of Gaelic origin. 
Sum : is mi, / am. 

Super, supra, superbia : Os barr, above. 
8uperaccomodo, and the following compounds, are entirely of (laulic 

origin : — superaddo, supervolo, superincendo, supcrinduo, super- 

scriptus, supersedeo, superstitio. 
Secale : Seagal, rye. 
Seeurus : Socair, case. 
Solatium : Solais, comfort, 

Sur — , as sun-ectus, i.e. suprarectus : Os barr, above. 
Scateo : Sgaith, vomit. 
Stagnum : Staug, a pool. 
SilFa, through the Greek : Coille, a wood. 
Sus — , a prefix, down, under ; as suspecto, to look down : Sios, down ; 

beachd, vision. 
Sus — , a pefix, up ; as suspecto, to look up : Suas, up ; beachd, vision. 
Suscipio, lake up : Suas, up ; gabh, take. 
Sw&imeo, hold up : Suas, jijj ; teueo from ieSinn, tense. 
Series, an order, row : Sreath, a series. 
Suus, his : Se, he. 
Salictum, a place where willows grou; for salicetum : Seileach, a 

willow ; aite, a place. 
Socorn, careless : So, easily; cridihe, liearl. Easy-minded. 
Siren, a mermaid: Siiire, a maid, nymph , a sea nymph; sith-mhuir, a 

fairy of the sea. 
Sero, sow, planl : Sreath, a row. 
Sero, arrange : Sreath, a row. 
Somnus, sleep : Suaiu, sleep. 
Soter, a preserver : Saor, save. 
Scutum, a shield: Sgiath, a shield, a target. 
Scindo, cleave ■ Geinn, a ivedge. 
Servo, preserve : Saor, free, save. 
Servio, to obey : Saothair, labour. 
Serta, a rope : Sreath, a row. 
Sndo, to be moist : Ad (obsolete), water. 
— spes, a termination of some nouns, as aruspex, extispes : Beachd, 

vision. 
Sanus, ivell : Sena, lucky, happy. 
Semper, always : Sior, always. 
Saevus, stem, fierce : Saobh, mad, wrong. 
Sagino, to make fat : Sac, a sack. 
Sagina, sagena/com sagino. 
Specie, I see : Beachd, vision. 

Species, specto, specimen, specto and other ^YOv^[s froin specio. 
Spatium, a space, (§-c., from pes, /oo<: Cos, foot. 
Spolium, spoil, a skin : Peall, skin, 
Sportula, a basket : Beir, carry. 

Stabilis, sto, statua, statuo, statura : Steidhlch, establish. 
Struo, to put in array, Sj'C. : Sreath, a row. 
Saltus. a leap : Ailt, liigh. 
Saltus, a wood : Coille, a U'ood, 
Saliva, any water that drops : Sil, di-op. 



28 LATIN AND GAELIC. 

Scaber, rough, rugged : Sgor, a rock. 

Sator, a sower, planter : Suidh, sit, place. 

Scando, mount, climb : Ceann, head ; s being prefixed. 

^c'mAo, rend : Sgnin, rend. Allied to ge'um, ivedge ; s being jii-efixed. 

Scateo, burst out : Sgaith, vomit. 

Securus, safe : Socair, safe. 

Sedeo, sit : Suidh, sit. 

Solus, alnne : As, without ; eile, another. 

In adojiting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes initial c 
to t; as torqueo /roOT car, tremo /rowi erith, terebra /row car, 
turbo from car. Also the Latin changes initial g to t; &.& 
truncus //om gearr, torvus //oni garbh. 

Taurus : Tarbh, a bull. 

Tenuis, tenuo : Tana, thin. 

Tectum, tego, toga : Teach, tigh, a house. 

Tenax, tendo, teneo, tenor, tentatio, tentorium, tenus : Teann, tense. 

Ter : Tri, three. 

Terra : Tii-, earth ; allied to the Gaelic tier, dry. 

Tero : Teirig, ivaste. 

Testor : Teist, a witness. 

Tinieo, timidus : Tioma, afraid. 

Tonitrus : Torrunn, thunder. 

Torreo, torridus : Tier, dry. 

Trans : Tar, across. 

Tres : Treas, third ; tri, three. 

Tresviri, triumviri : Tvi, three; &i',men. 

Triangulus : Tri ; eang, a corner. 

Triclinium : Tri ; claon, incline. 

Tridens : Tri ; deud, tooth. 

Trimestris : Tri; mios, wion/7i. 

Transcribe, and the following compounds, are from the Gaelic: — 
transdo, transeo, transfero, transfodio, transilio, transmarinus, 
transmeo, transpectus, transporto, transigo. 

Trimodia: Tri; modh. 

Tribus, tribunus, tributio : Treubh, a tribe. 

Triremis : Tri, three ; ramh, an oar. 

Tritns, tritura, teror : Teirig, consume. 

Tristis : Tuirseach, melancholy. 

Tumor, tumidus, tuber, tumultus : Tom, swell. 

Tu, tuus : Du, thou. 

Turn : An t'am, the time. 

Turrus : Tur, a tower. 

Triviura, trivialis : Tri, three ; uidhe, umy. 

Tacitus, taceo : Tost, tosdach, silence. 

Tyrannus, through the Greek : Tighhearn, a lord. 

Tergum, the top of a hill: Torr, a hill. 

Terminus, the boundary of land. A running stream was the easiest 
and most natural boundary of land. Doir, water. 

Taenia, a ribbon : Tana, thin, slender. 

Tellus, the earth : Talamh, the earth. 

Tempus, time : An t'am, the time ; am, lime. 

Tener, tender, young, Sj'c: Tana, slim, slender. 

Tenuis, slender: Tana, slender. 

Terebra, an auger : Car, a turn. 

Torreo, roast : Tior, dry. 

Torrens, a torrent : Doir, ivater ; ruith,^c>/r. 

Torvus, giim : Garbh, rough. 

Trado, to hand over : Tar, across ; do, to. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OK LATIN. 20 

Trano, to stoim acroKs : Tar, across ; Snamb, swim. 

Tremo, tremble : Ciitli, shaUc. 

Trepido, to quake: Criili, Khakc 

Tripos, a /n/jorf: Tv\, three; cos, a foot. 

TueorrVo see: this lias the snme spellinj;', but i^ a ililToi'oiit \voi<l 

Tiieor, to dejcnd, which is from Tigh, a house From tigli comes tego, 

to cot'cr. 
Tuiho, a whirling : Car, « turn. 
Tergeo, to scour, to wipe : Doir, water. 
Terminus, a bound between one man's land and another's. The easiest 

and mosi natural boundary of land is a running stream : Doir, 

water. 
Terreo, to be afraid : Crith, shake. 
Teslio, a witness: Teist, testify. 
Teter, dark ; te-ter : Dorch, dart:. 
Toga, a gown, a covering, from tego : Tigh, a house. 
Torno, turn : Car, a turn. 
Tomicus, culling : Teum, bile. 
'J'onnis, tomentum : Teum, bile. 
Torqueo, to twisl : Car, a turn. 

Turba, a row< ; turbidus, turbo, to disorder; from turbo : Ca.r, a turn. 
Turgeo, to swell: Torr, a hill. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial /, 
as urgeo./(om fearg. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial I, 
as uro//-07« tier; nnm from doir. 
Ulna : Uilean, the elbow. 
Ululo : lolach, a shout. 
— ula, a termination of diminutives : Caol, in composit. pronounced 

ul. Utile. 
Umbilicus : lomlag, the navel. 
— uncula, a termination of double diminutives : — an, mhean, mean, 

small; — ol, chaol, caol, little. 
Uuanimus : Aon, one; anam, sou/. 
Unctus : Ungadh, anointing. 
TInda, undulatus : Onadh, a wave. 
Unguis, uncus : long, a nail. 
Ungula: long; caol. 
Undeceni : Aon; de; deicb. 
— um, a termination of adverbs, signifying manner, as clanculum : 

Modh, manner. 
Ulmus : Ailm, the elm. 
Urgeo : Fearg, anger. 
Uro : Tier, dry. 
Uter : Eadar, betwixt. 
Unus, unitas : Aon, one. 
Uti : Sud, that. 
Unigena: Aon; gin, 6e^e/. 
Unicornis: Aon; corn, a /iocw. 
Vhvd, beyond; ul-tra: Tar, beyond. 
— mil, a termination of adverbs relating to time, as sextum, tertium, 

cum (when), x^aulum, octavum, decennium, quatriduum, quin- 

turn : Am, time. 
Uror, to be burned : Tier, dry ; kiln-dry. 
Urina : Doir, ivater. 
Urna, a water-pitcher : Doir, water. 
Utrarius, one ivho carries water : Doir, ivater. 



30 CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 

Uveo, to be wet : Abh (obsolete), water. 

— ullus, a termination of diminutives, as homuUus: — ul, — ol from 

caol, small. 
— uca, a termination of diminutives, ascarruca: — SLgfromheRsi, little. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial v, 
as volvo from aill. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes initial 
to V, as vinco from ceann ; verto from car ; vinculum from 
ceangal; verao from car; xoi-Rgo from car, 
Vadum, vado : Uidhe, a way. 
Vanus : Faoin, vain. 
Valens, valetudo, valeo : Falain, strong. 
Vates, vaticinor : Faidh, a prophet. 
Velamen, velatus, vellus, velo, velum, villus, villosus : Feiladh, a 

covering, 
Vellifico : Feileadh ; achd. 

Vellivolans : Feileadh ; aile. ' . 

Verbum : Briathar, a ivord. 
Vesper : Feasgar, evening. 

Ve— , a prefix, signifying little, as vesanuB : * Beag, email. 
Via, viaticum ; Uidhe, a way. 
Vigiuti: 'EichesLA., twenty. 
Villa : Baile, a town : a farm-house and outhouses are in Scotland 

called a town. 
Vinum : Fion, wine. 
Vir: Fear, a ??ia?z. — Stewart. 
Vita : Beatha, life. 
Virtus : Feart, virtue. 
Vitium : Baoth, vile 
Votum, voveo : Bold, a vow. 

Voeabulum, vocalis, voco, vox : Focal, a word; from a lost Gaelic root. 
Vocifero : Focal ; beir, carry. 
Video : Beachd, vision. 
Vulgus : Bolg, the bulk. 
Volvo: Aill, a turn. 
Ve — , a prefix, signifying great, as vegrandis : Mo, greater, from Mor, 

great, 
Ve— , a prefix, signifying little, as vecors, vesanus : Beag, little. 
— vi, an afiix, signifying little; the same as the prefix ve — , as in 

divi : Beag, little. 
Vacans, void : Coca (obsolete), empty. 
Vacca, a cow : Bo, a cow. 
Yaier, eimning : ¥0, under; heiv, carry. 
Vagor, to wander : Fogi-adh, ivandering. 
Valens, strong : Fallain, strong. 
Vsgio, to cry as a child or little one : Beag, liltlc. 
Vallum, a wall : Balla, a wall. 
Vapulo, to he beaten ; va-pulo : Buaill, strike. 
Varius, of divers colours, S;c. : Mor, abundant, copious. 
Vasto, icaste : Fas, waste. 
Vitulus, a calf: Bo, a cow ; caol, little. 

Vitellus, a diminutive from vitula -. Bo, cow ; — ol, caol, little. 
Vestigium: Cos, a font. 

Vestibulum, entry to a house, afoot-path : Cos, foot ; buaill, strikt, 
Veru, a spit, a dart : BeiJ", carry. 

* From "Williams in Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xiii., part 1, 
. • page 64; 1836. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN. 31 

Virgultum, "a group of youug sprigs growing togetlier." Perheps a 
place where young sprigs arc found ; for virguletum : Aite, a place. 

Vis, vi, energy : Bco, alive. 

Video, .tee : Beachd, obnerrc. 

Vivo, tu live : Bco, alive, 

Volo, to fly : Aile, air. 

Volo, to be willing : Aill, icill. 

Volvo, to roll or wind : Fill, Jold, wrap. This has the same spelling, 
but is a diflerent word from : — 

Volvo, to throw out : Buaill, throw. 

Votum, a vow : Boid, a vow. 

Vorago, a whirlpool : Car, a. turn. 

Vulnus, a wound: Buaill, strike. 

VecoYS, foolifh; — \e from heag, little: Cridhe, /iear<. 

Vesanus, mad; Ve — ,from beag, little : sona, sound, happy. 

Vescor, to eat ; ve-scor : Biadh, food. 

Vasto, to watte : Fas, destroy. 

Veho, to carry : Fo, under. 

Ver, the spring : Fenr, grass. 

Viridis, green : Feur, grass. 

Venus: Bean, woman. 

Vere, truly : Fior, true. 

Vemula, a little boiid-slavc : Fear, man; -em, from mean, little; -ul, 
from caol, small. 

Verto, to turn : Car, a turn. 

Villus, wool, hair: Feiladh, n coverinq. 

Vinculum, a band : Ceangal, a fastening. 

Virgo, a virgin ; perhaps at first spelt virago : Fear, a man ; -ago 
from -ag, a termination of female nouns, from nionag. 

Virguncula, a young maid. A triple diminutive. Virgo is a diminu- 
tive from fear, -mi /roH! -an, or mean, small: -ula,, from -ol, or 
caol, little. 

— vir, a termination of some nouns, as duumvir: Fir, men. 

Vigil : Faicill, walchfulness ; faic, see. 



The following weee not insekted in theie proper places : — 

An tram : Ann, in ; tir, the earth. 

Ater, a-ter : Dorch, dark. 

— aris, a termination of nouns, as familiaris : — ai', fear, a man. 

— am, a termination of adverbs relating to time, as jam, quondam ; 

Am, time. 
— anus, a termination of nouns, as Romanus : Duine, dhuinc, a mmii 
Carmen at first was canmeu : Cainnt, speech. 
Domus : Tamh, an abode. 
Durus : Doirbh, hard. 
— em, a termination of adverbs relating to mauuer, as item : Modh, 

■man}ier. 
Germen at first was geumen : Gin, beget. 
Jam, now : Is e am, this is the time. 
— um, a termination of adverbs relating to time, as paulum, iterum, 

decennium, octavum, sestum, quintura • Am, time, 
Seculum : Saoghal, an age or generation. 
Sedulus ; Saod, care, attention. 



33 CELTIC ORIGIN 01-' LATIN. 

From the evidence now given it appears probaLle that the origin 
of the Latin language and of the Eomaii people was chiefly Celtic, 
the proof of their German origin in the work of Jaekfl being much 
less in amount than what is given in tlie preceding pages ; almost 
the only other source to which they can be attributed, namely, the 
Greek, fails in providing parentage for one half of the Latin tongue, 
and the Greek roots from which some have derived the other half, 
may, for the most part, be shewn to be from the Celtic. 

The proofs of their Celtic origin would likely be made more 
numerous by introducing examples from the Irish, Welsh, and other 
branches of Celtic, the instances given being taken from only one of 
the dialects of that ancient lans 



I have made similar researches regarding the Greek, and have 
found in it likewise considerable resemblance to the Celtic. 

On finishing this short P^ssay, it becomes me to acknowledge the 
aid of which I have made use; in the Highland Society's Dictlon- 
arhim Scolo-Cellinim, compiled by Mr. Mackintosh, Dr. Mackay, and 
others, I found a good many examples of comparative philology. 
Stewart's Gaelic Grammar gives eight or nine etymological references, 
and Archdeacon Williams has published in the Trans Boy. Soc. Ed., 
two learned and original papers, which I have several times quoted. 

Besides the application of philological inquiries to speak for the 
origin, descent, and alliances of nations, when there is no other 
evidence in existence, and to prove that the whole human I'ace is 
descended from Adam, grammatice estars, necessariapueris, jucunda 
senibus, dulcis secretorum comes, et qu;E vel sola omni studiorum 
genere plus habet operis, quam ostentationis. Ne quis tanquam 
parva fastidiat grammatices elementa quia interiora velut sacri hujus 
adeuntibus apparebit raulta rerum subtilitas, que non modo acuere 
ingenia puerilia, sed exercerc altissimam quoque erudiiionem ac 
scientiam possit. — QuintUian. 

Note, June, 1870. — Wheji the above appeared in 1840 it contained 
about a hundred and fifty nacjes of places. These are given in 
Part Third. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK.* 



In this comparison of tlic Greek vitli tliu Celtic, only one lirnnch of 
tlie Celtic is muJe use of, and, no doubt. aiKlitioniil proofs of affinity 
iiiijjlit be fonnil in tlie Irish, ^Velsb, and other Celtic tonf^ues. 'I'he 
Gaelic words introduced are all in modern use with about six or 
ui^ht exceptions, and may be found in JNliicleoil and Dewar's Guclic 
Dictionni-y (Glasgow, IfiS'l ; and 2d Edition, Edinb. 18:33) and in 
Macalpine's Gaelic Dkliunari/. 

When conDpiling this comparative vocabulary in 1833, I derived 
some assistance from the Highland Society's Dictionaiium Scoto- 
Ccllicum (2 vols. 4to., Edinb. 1828), and one or two suggestions I 
found in two papers by Mr. Williams in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edivb., 
vol. 13. 

It is sufficiently evident that thei'e are raany words (nearly one 
half the words in the Greek language) in Celtij and Greek having 
the same sound and meaning, and as for ilie question whicli lant;uage 
borrowed these from the other, we may be almost certain that the 
Celtic did not borrow them from the Greek, and that the Greek 
adopted them from the Celtic. 

Where these pages are printed, it is not vei-y convenient to use 
Greek characters. The accents ought to be used to distinguish 
between epsilon and eta, and between omikron and omega ; the 
reader will please excuse the omission of the accents. 

ALPHA. 
Alpha, ailm [the elm) is the name of the first letter of the Gaelic 
alphabet. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes ag— : 
see agello, aglaos, agleeis, aigolios. This is analogous to its 
prefixing og — and och — . 
y . In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes « imi » : — 
A^,--^'^^-^^''^^^ Initial a ; see ari, ame, aidos : 
/ C Initial 6 ; see achen, airo : 

. ^^ \ Initial c : see ania : 
/rvi-t-^-^^ J Initial/ ; see aexo, ailio : 
1 Initial s ; see akis, aei : 
Q_^ Initial / ; see amas, akalos, aka. 
Aexo : Fas, grow. 
Ania: Caoin, wail. 

Autron, a cave : Ann, in ; tir, the earth. 
Ano, upwards : A nios, up. 

* Published in 1840 with the title : Proofs of the Celtic Origin of a Great 
Part of the Greek Language, founded nn a Comparison of the Greek 
with the Gaelic Language, or the CelHc of Hcotland. Kingston, 
Upper Canada. Printed hy John Greighton, at the Office of the 
" Chronicle and Gazette" Nexvipaper. 1840. 



34 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 

Achen: Boch6, poor. 
Arix, a ram : Reithe, a ram, 
Amao : Tiom, timid. 
A, in composition, privative : A, out of. 
A, ivho : A, ivho. 

An, authi, authis, agai7i: Atb, again, the next, 
Abebaios, abiDs: k, privative; he.o, alive. 
Abolos : A, privative ; buaill, strike. 
Agenes : Gin, beget. 

Agersis, agora, ageiro, aguris : Greigh, a herd. 
Agkulos : Bang, a corner. 
Agkura : Acair, a?j anchor. 
Agrios, agros : Ar, plough. 
Aguia, ago, guia : Eachd, a deed; uidhe, a ivay. 
Ago : Eachd, an act. 
Agcbi, near : Aig, at. 
Akis, akidos : Saigbead, an arrow. 
Ado, ase, atos, hadeo : Sath. satiety. 
Aei, always : Sith, continually. 
Agon, a contest ; Eachd, a feat. 
Adakrntos : Deur, a tear. 
Addi : Uidhe, a way. 
Adoros : k, privative; Do, ^o. 
Aiero, aireo, aire, ares : Beir, carry. 
Aer, aither, aura : Athar, air. 
Atheos : A, privative ; Dia, God. 
Ai, which : A, who. 
Ai, gaia- Ce, earth. 

Aide o from a. privative and eido ; aidos, aideotnai, aidoion; A, priva- 
tive : beachd, vision. 
Aitbo, aithos, auo : allied to Caith, consume, luasle. 
Akalos, aka, ake : Tachd, silence. 
Akaluptos : Cleidh, conceal. 
Akerios : Cridhe, heart. 
Akeruktos, kertix, keras : Corn, a horn. 
Akletos : Glaodh, call. 
Aclines : Claon, invUne. 
Alasteo, letho, alethes, lethe : Luidh, lie. 
Haliokaustos, helios, kaio : Leus, light ; caith, comxme, waste. 
Alios, alle : Eile, another. 
Allegoria, agoreuo : Greigh, a herd. 
Allogenes : Eile, ano^/ier; gin, 6e^e<. 
Allots: 'E\\&, another ; B.\ie, place. 
Alpeis : Alp, high. 
Hals, the sea : Sal, salt. 
Ame, amos : Mi, /. 
Ametor : Mathair, mother. 
Amos, ivhen : Am, time. 
Anamis : Ana, very; measg. mix, 
Anegkletos : A, privative : as, out of; glaodh, call. 
Anemos: A, privative; ana,m, soul. 
Anesodus : Ana; as; uidhe. 
Anodos: Ana; uidhe. 
Anesios : Snidh, sit. 
Anephelos : Neul, a cloud, 
Apais : Paisd, a child. 
Aproairetos: Roi, before; beir, carru. 
Aran, artao : Ard, high. 



CELTIC OKIOIN OF GREEK. 30 

Anti, against, ujjposile : An, not, as au-lan, incomplete, not full. Ann, in 

composition, 7wt. An and ana are also used as inteniiive prefixi-B ; 

thus, ana-|;,'radh, doatiiig love. 
Ana, up : A nios, up. 
Ana, against : An, not ; ann, not. 
Ari, intensive prefix : Ro, very. 
Argui-08 : Airgiod, silver. 
Aretos : Radh, speech. 
Aroo : Ar, plough. 
Harpax : Renb, tear. 
Aselenos : Luan, moon. 
Astegos : Tigli, house. 
Aphouos : Fonn, a tune. 
Acharis: Gradh, <^ec/io?i. 
Acheo : Eigh, a shout. 
Aori : Uair, an hour. 
Acheires : Coir (obsoletej, the hand. 
Alale, tlie shout before the battle: lolach, a ghout. 
Auo, burn : Caitli, consume, ivaste. 
Auo, shout : Eigh, a shout. 
Aithos, black, froin aitho, bum ; that is, burnt black : allied to Caith, 

consume, ivastc. 
Achthos, achos : Aiceid, a stitch. 
Aps, backwards : Ais, backwards. 
Ao, to breathe : allied to Eigh, a shout. 
Agello : Glaodh, call, proclaim. 
Aglaos, aigleeis : Leus, light. 
Aigolios : lolach, a shout. 

Hades: A, privative; Hi. dag. In darkness ; no daylight. 
Ailio: Fill,/oW. 
Amphi : Uim, around. 
Aiolos, swift : Aile, wind. This has the same spelling, but is a 

dififerent word from : — 
Aiolos, various : Eile, another. 
Aistho, hear : Eisd, hear. 

BETA. 

Beta. Beith is the name of the second letter of the Gaelic alphabet. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes b : see 
boule, boulomai, bao, bedu, bauzo, bri. 
Boule : Aill, desire, pleasure, will. 
Boulomai : B'aill leam, I wish. 
Bao, to go ; baino, basio : Uidhe, a way. 
BeAu, ivater : Ad (obsolete), u-aler, 
Bauzo : Eas, a ivaler-fall. 
Bri, an intensive prefix : Ro, very. 
Bolos, bolbos : Ball, « ball. 
Ballo, hejiec belos, belteros, beltioo, blapto, bolis, bolos, bullo : Buaill, 

ihroic, 
Bapto, bathos : Bath, drown, quench. 
Barbaros : Borbarra, barbarous. 
Baris : Bar, top. 
Bios : Beo, ahve. 
Breoho : Brach, u-et. 
Bosis, bosko, boo, botanikos, boubalos, bous, boter, botor, bow : Bo, 

an ox. 
Boukolikoa : Bo, an ox ; gille, a lad. 
Brifto : Brigb, mince. 



3t$ CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 

Bounos : Beann, a hill. 

Baion, little.: Mean, tittle. 

Babaloii, belos, a //i/es/iw^iL- Beul, ?no!/7ft. 

Bon, intensive particle : Mo, greater. 

Bmkos, perliiips from Briogais, breeches. 

Balanos : Ball, a round object; — an, mhean, small. 

Bambalo, Bambiilizo, blache : Beul, mouth. 

Earos, baiuno, barus : Beir, carry. 

Behaios, stable, firm : Hith, euer, always ; heo, alive. 

BaUos, rapid : Buaill, /ftz-ow. This has the same spelling, but is a 

different word from : — 
Balios, spotted: Ballaeh, spoiled. 
Batos : iiad, a thicket. 

GAMMA. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes c to g ; 
sometimes prefixes g. 
Gaia, gaios : Ce, pronounced ke, the earth. 
Gampsos : Cub, bend. 
Garuo : Radh, speech. 

Geinomai, genesis, genitor, gennao, genos, ginomai : Gin, beget. 
Glaukos : Glas, grey, blue. 
Glausso : Leus, light. 
Grapho : Grabh, ivrite. 
Gua : Uidhe, a way. 
Guros : Cuairt, a circle. 
Guroo : Car, a turn. 
Genu, goiiia : Eang, a corner. 
Gune : Gin, beget. 
Gelao, gelaso, shine : Leus, light. 
Grupos, bent : Crub, bend, crouch. 

DELTA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
c to d. This is analogous to Celtic c being changed to 
Greek t : see daio, da deris, dakuo. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
g to d. Tnis is analogous to Celtic c being changed to 
Greek d. See deloo, doulos. 
Deka: Deich, ten. 
Dekagonia: Deich, <en; gin, beget. 
Dekaokto : Deich ; ochd, eight. 
Deeo : Di, dith, want. 
Dodeka : Da, tieo ; deich, te7i. 
Du, duas, duo, dis, dicha, dixos : Da, two. 
Dia, between : Da, two. 
Dis : Dia, God. 

Derko, drakon, derko : Dearc, see. 
Dexia : Deas, right. 

Deka. Jlany of the compounds of deka are derived from the Celtic. 
Diogenes: Dia; gin. 
Dipous: \)a.,two; Cos., a joot. (Celtic initial c is sometimes changed 

to Greek p. ) 
Dirka, diikaia: Doir (obsolete), iva^cr. 
Dichotomeo: Da, two ; teum, bile. 
Doru, doura, dorusso, drus, drualos, drumos ; Doir, the oak; daracli, 

the oak. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 87 

lDal'iVLO,fighl: Cog, fight. 

Devis, a bailie : Ciarr, hurl, torture. 

Daio, burn, deiao, deis: Caitli, consume, waste. 

Da, the earth : Ce, the earth. 

Deloo, proclaim : Glaodh, call. 

Doulos : Gille, a servant. 

Deinos : Dian, hasty, vehement. 

Deiras, the top of a hill: Ton-, a hill. 

Deomai, deo, ivaiit : Di, toant. 

Daio, dlL'ide : Da, two. This has the same speEing, but is a different 

■word from : — 
Daio, destroy : Dith, destruction. 

Daktulos, so called because ten on the two hands : Deug, ten. 
Doruphoreo : Doir ; beir, carry. 
Dourikleitos : Doir; cluiteach,/aHiO!(s. 
Drutomos : Doir; teum, c!(<. 
Drepo : Crub, sit, crouch. 
Dynastes : Tanaiste, a thane or lord. 
Due, calamity : Di, want. 
Doron : Thoir, give. 
Diminutives. — Some end in — aiou and — ion : these are from — an, 

or mhean, small. 
Some end in — ullion, — ullis, and — ulos : these are from — ol, 

chaol, sviall. 
Some end in — ax and — aigx : these are from — ag, bheag, 

small. 
Some end in — arion : these are from crion, chrion, little. 
Some end in — karion, as gunaikarion: these are from crion, 

little. 

EPSILOX. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits : — 

Initial h ; as eido /roTre beachd : 

Initial g ; as erao from gradh : 

Initial/; as eikosi, eikoti/rom fichead : 

Initial p ; as eileo from piU. 

Initial s ; as edos/rom suidh. 
E, him : E, he. 

Easi, they are : Is iad, they are. 
Eggenes, eggone, eggonos : Ann, in ; gin, heget. 
En, in : Ann, in. 
En, one: Aon, one. 
Ek, ex : As, out of. 
Eri, an intensive particle : Ro, very. 
Em — , prefix //oHi. en — : Ann, in. 
Egkaleo : Glaodh, call. 
Egkai-sia : Car, a turn. 
Egkope : Caob, a section. 

Egtheireo, egcheiridion : Coir (obsolete), the hand. 
Edo, edesma : Ith, eat. 
Eggus: .\ig, at. 

Eikosi, eiltati : Fichead, twenty. 
Ear: 'Eaxrz.ch, spring . 
Eimi, / am : Bi, am ; mi, /. 
Emos, mine : Mi, /. 
Erse, dew : Drus, exudation. 
Euo, burn : perha 
Eido, see : Beachd 



38 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 



Eiko, resemble : Aogas, likeness. 

Eikos : Aogas, likeness. 

Eileo, iii7-n : Pill, turn. 

Eileo, assemble : Uile, all. 

Eimi : Is mi, / am. 

Enalios : Ann, in ; sal, salt, 

Ennea : Naoi, nine. 

Einanuches : Naoi, n«ne; nochd, night . 

Eiren, ereo : Eadh, speech. 

Hekatogclieir : Ceud, a hundred ; coir (obsolete), /w«(i. 

Hekatombe : Ceud ; bo, an o.v. 

Hekatompolis : Ceud; ha.i\e, a town. 

Hekatompodos : Ceud; cos, afoot. 

Hekatompulos : Ceud ; caol, narrow. 

(Celtic c being changed to Greek p.) 

Eliklesia : As, out of; glaodh, call. Many words compounded with 
ek — are from the Celtic. 

Ekstasis, existemi, istemi, istao : Steidhicli, establish. 

Hepta : Seachd, seven. 

Ektike from echo : Aig, at ; ta ag mi, / have. 

Ekteino : As ; teann, tense. 

Ekphero : As ; beir, carry. 

Ekphoneo : Fonn, a time. 

Hekaton, a hundred, he-kat-on : Ceud, a hundred. 

Emballo, embapto, emblema, empaizo, empedos, empodion, empo- 
dostates, empotlien, empoliteno, emphoreo, enagkonizo, enalios, 
enallatto, enallomai, enarthmos, endeka, endexia, endon, endios, 
endoiasmos, endruon, eneiles, entheos, enecho, enteino, exago- 
rage, exago, exaireo, exairo, exallomai, exallos, exarguroo, 
exegeiro, exedo, exeikazo, exeileo, exeres, exegeiro, exegoria, 
exeroes, exerouo, exonomaiuo, exoduos, exulomenos, exorgismai, 
exotikos, and other compounds of ex— , em — , and en — , wiU be 
found under their simple forms derived from the Celtic. 

Enos, a year : Eang (obsolete), a year. 

Endeia : Ann, in ; di, want. 

Enduo : Eudach, covering. 

Eneroi, enerthe : Ann, in ; tir, the earth. 

Enthousiastes, entheos : Ann ; dia. 

Enti, they are : Is iad, they are. 

Enudros : Ann, in ; Doir, ivaler. 

Exeo, exodos : As, out ; uidhe, a way. 

Epi — . Many of the words compounded with epi are of Celtic origin. 

Erebos, era : Tir, earth. 

Ereeino, ereo : Eadh, speech. 

Eretmos : Eamh, an oar. 

Ereugo : Euchd. 

Hermes, eireo : Eadh, speech. 

Hermogenes : Eadh ; gin. 

Herpo, herpes : Crub, crouch, bend. 

Erotao, inquire : lar, after ; radh, speak. 

Estho : Ith, eat. 

'En, happily : kg\i, felicity. 

Eu — , a prefix, ivell : Agh, joy. Many of the Words with which eu^ 
is compounded are from the Celtic. 

Euairetos : Beir, carry. 

Eugenes, eudia, euchos, eukardios, euklees, eumenes, euodia, eupais, 
eupatricles, eupolio, eupurgos, euroia, euphoros, eucheirj and 
other compounds are from the Celtic. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 89 

Echo, / have : Ta agani, that is, ta ag mi, 7 have. 

Egeomai, ago : Eachd, afeal. 

Eeroeis, eer, aer : Athar, air. 

Echos, echo: ¥Agh, a ihout. 

Herauos, « king : ArJ, eminent. 

Hekalos, tranquil, perliaps allied to Cala, a harbour, 

Erras, errhoos, a ram : Keithe, a ram. 

ZETA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
h to zeta : see zoe, zallo. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
c to zeta : see zaboo, zouniio, zeugle, zone. 
Za, in composition, very : Sath, satiety. 
Zamenes : Sath ; mcin, mind. 

Zeus or Jupiter, from giving Y\.te,from zoe : Beo, alive. 
Zan or Jm\o, from Zeus and bean, in composition — &n, female. 
Zoe, zodion, zodiakos, zotikos : Beo, alive ; heatha, life. 
Zoographos : Beo ; grabh, write. 
Zoogonos : Beo ; gin, hegel. 
Zallo, throw : Buaill, throiv. 

Zephuros, or life-bearing: Beo, alive; heir, carry. 
Zeo, to be fervent, or to "be alive," /'"o™ zoe : Beo, alive. 
Zelos, zeal, from zeo, from zoe : Beo, alive. 
Zelotes, zeloo : Beo. 
Zomos, broth, zo-mos : Sugh, jwice. 
Zabos, curved: Car, a turn. 
Zonnuo, ^irrf: Ceangal, 6Jni. 
Zeugle, a yoke : Ceaugal, hind. 
Zone, a girdle : Cean-gal, ceangal, hind. 

ETA, 
Heros : Ard, mighty. 
Esan, they were : Is iad, tliey are. 
Es, thou art : Is tu, thou art. 
Echos, a sound : Echo ; eigh, a cry. 
Helios, he-lios, the sun : Leus, light. 

THETA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial « 
in words beginning with theta : see thego. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes d to 
th : see theoreo. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes theta : 
see thelo. 
Theros, summer : Tior, dry. 
Thele, a small swelling : Tula, a hillock. 
Thoreo : Dearc, see. 

Thuo, to sacrifice, to offer to God : Dia, God. 
Thuo, to he hot : Teth, hot. 
Thomos : Tom, a moimd. 
Thin, then, a heap : Dun, a hill. 
Thin, the shore. The shore is usually a hill as seen from the water : 

Dun, a hill. 
Then, certainly : Dian, hasty. 

Thego : Stuig, incite ; s omitted and t changed to th. 
Thelo, will, loish : Aill, ivill. 



40 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 

IOTA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial b : 
see iallo, idee, 
la, a voi"e : Eigh a shout. 
lakchus, iacho : Eigh, a shout. 
Iguua. genu : Eang, a corner. 
Idou: Sud, that. 
le, go : Uidhe, a wat/. 
Ithm-os, ithi, orous : Uidhe ; vnith, flow. 
lollo, send : Buaill, throw. 
Iluo : Aol, lime. 
Ileos, eileo: Pill, turn. 
Tstemi: Suidh, s!7; steiAhlch, establish. 
Italos, a bull: Eudail, ca<</e. 
lo^alas ! Och, alas! 
In, in : Ann. in. 
Idroo : Doir, ivater. 
Iladon, ile : Uile, all. 
Iallo, send: Buaill, ihroiv. This has the same spelling, but is a 

difF rent word from : — 
Iallo, desire : Aill, desire, will. 
Ideo, eido, see: Beachd vision. 
Ibuo, boao, bellow : Bo, cow. 
leros, iiirmounting : Ard, high. 
leros, sacred ; perhaps so named because the holy places were on 

heights : Ard, high. 
Ilao, / agree : Aill, will, pleasure. 
Iluo : Aol, lime. 
Illo: Fin, fold, wrap. 
lops, name of a fish: lasg, a fish. 

— ion, a termination of diminutives : — an, mhean, small. 
— illos, a termination of adjectives: — ail is a common termination 

of Gaelic adjectives, from amhuil, like. 
— ikos, a termination of adjectives : — ach is a common termination 

of Gaelic adjectives, from aig, implying possession, as ta ag mi, 

I have. 
— inos, a termination of adjectives: — ain, a termination of Gaelic 

adjectives, as fallain, healthy. 
Illos, the eye : Suil, the eye. 
Joge, the shore : Ach, a bank. 



KAPPA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
b to k: see kora, kuros, kara. 
Kaballes : Capull, a mare. 
Kathedra : Cathair, a seat. 
Kathairo : Cairt, purge. 
Kaio, kaminos : Caith, consume, ivaste. 
Kaleo, klazo : Glaodh, call. 

Kalupto, kleidoo, Idax, koUao, kalux, kleio : Cleidh, conceal. 
Kampto, kuampto : Cam, crooked. 
Karron : Car, a chariot. 

Karsios, kerannumi, kurtos, kirrao, krater : Car, a turn, 
Kardia, kear : Cridhe, heart. 
Karpos, krupto : Crub, crouch, bend. 



CELTIC OKIGIN OF GREEK. 11 

Kata, down : Ce, pronounced kp, earth ; do, to. Tlie primary moaning 
of the proposition kata is down : many of tlie compounds of 
kata will be found under their simple forms derived from tlie 
Celtic. 

Kafechismos, katecheo, echos: Eigli, ashout. 

Keras, kerux : Corn, a horn. 

Keros : Ceir, ua.v. 

Kithara : Ceathar, the harp. 

Kara, head : Biut, top. 

Kuros : Bar, lop: 

Korn, 'kore, a fjirl: Bar {obsole(e), a son. 

Kai : Agus, and. 

Kiste: Cist, n chest. 

Kio, io, eo : Uidhe, a uay. 

Kuampto, kampto, kupto : Cub, lend. 

Kuodon, odous : Deud, a tooth. 

Koliao : Ailt, high. 

Kopto : Caob, a section. 

Kruos : Eeodh,/reerfl, 

Kacbles : Clach, a stone. 

Kalamos : Caol, small, slender. 

Kalon, wood : Coille, a wood. 

Kapto, eat quickly : Cab, mouth. 

Kapto, io breathe : Cab, mouth. 

Keiro : Gearr, cut. 

Kenos, empty : Cian, ivant. 

Kephale, kube : Cab, head. 

Kleio, celebrate : Cliu, fame. 

Kleio, shut : Cleidh, conceal. 

Kluo, kluso, hear : Cluas, the ear. 

Klepto, steal : Cluip, deceive. 

Kline : Claon, incline, 

Koilos, concave; perhaps allied to Cala, a harbour. 

Komeo : Comadh, eating together. 

Krazo : Gaoir, noise ; radh, speech. 

Kreas: Carn (obstilele), ^es/t; Cre, a body. 

Kuanos : Cuan, the sea. 

Kalio : Pill, turn. 

Koluo : Col, restraint. 

Kerdos : Ceard, a small trader. 

Kos, hoiv : Cia, ivhat. 

Kuon : Cu, conn, a dog. 

LAMBDA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes I, as 
lileo from aill ; laleo from iolach. 
Lea, laas, lithos, lianeos, las : Lia, liath, a stone. 
Lambano, lemma ; perhaps from Lamb, the hand. 
Lethe, letho, Latinos, lanthano, leno, Lethaios : Luidh, lie. 
Laigx : Lia, a stone ; — ag, beag, small. 
Leon : Leomhan, a lion. 
Lian: 'La,n,full. 
Laleo. lala : Iolach, a shout. 
Lileo. lillomai. lipto, lao : Aill, ivill, desire. 
Limne : Linne, a marsh. 
Lakkos : Loch, a lake. 
Laos: IJo.chA, people. 



43 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GKEEK. 

Lachaino, to dig, from lakkos : Loch, a lake. 

Leiaino, leios, leicho ; Liomh, smooth. 

Lembus : Long, a ship. 

Leusso : Leus, light. 

Leibo, libas : Liob, lip, 

Laas, leos ; perhaps allied to Luchd, people, 

MU. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 

b to m: see mikkos, moleo. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes m : see 

monos, mio, mudao, mure, musso. 
In adopting a Celtic word, perhaps the Greek sometimes changes 

initial c to m. (The Latin changes Celtic initial c to p.) 

See mache, niachomai. 
Mikkos, mikros : Beag, small. 
Meli : Mil, honey. 
Meiro : Mir, a Ml. 

Malakos, malasso, malos : Malta, soft. 
Mallos : Feile, a covering. 
Malon, an apple : Maol, roiind, blunl. 
Meion, minnos : Mean, small. 
Menos, mnao, menuo : Mein, mijid. 
Meter : Mathair, mother. 
Mignuo, raignumi, mixis, misgo : Measg, mix. 
Moira, a portion ; moros, a portion : Mir, a hit, 
Moira, death; moros, death : Mort, kill. 
Monos, one, alone : Aon, one. 
Mio, mnio, eat : Ith, eat. 
Mache, machomai: Cog, ^<//(Y. 
Me, me : Mi, I. 
Mukao : Bo, a cow. 

Mitulos, mutilos, luithout horns : Maol, loithoui horns. 
Meirax, a Utile girl; meir-ax : Bar (obsolete), son; — ag, beag, Utile, 
Metropolis: Mathair, wio</ier; haile, town. 
Mule : Meil, grind. 

Many of the compounds of meta are of Celtic origin. 
Muro, iojloiv: Jiniih, flow. 
Moleo, to fight : Buaill, strike. 
Mudao: Ad (obsolete), iwa/er. 
Mnsso, cleanse : Uisge, tt)a/«r. 
Methusis : Misg, drunkenness. 
Melos : Ball, a member. 
Murios: Mor, great. 

NU. 

Neos, neao : Nuadh, new. 

Nephele : Neul, a cloud. 

Ne, privative prefix : Neo, not. 

Nesos : Innis, an island. 

Nux : Nochd, night. 

Naos, a temple : Naomh, holi/. 

Neossus : Neud, a 7iest. 

Neo, to go : Uidhe, a way. 

Neo, to return, to go anew : Nuadh, new ; uidhe, a way, 

Neo, to swim : Snamh, sivim. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 13 

Niphoeis : Sneacliil, snow. 

Nosos, disease, from ne and soos. Soos//-o;« Saobh, well. Some nouns 
end in — er and — or : — ox from fear, fliear, a man. 

■/.I. 

In adopting a Celtic word, perliaps the Greek sometimes changes 

initial c to x : see xulon, xaino, xuu. 
In adopting a Celtic word, perhaps the Greek sometimes changes 
initial </ to x : see suros. 
Xulon : Coille, a wood. 
Xaino : Cainnt, speech. 
Xun, with : Comh, with. 
Xuros : Geur, sharp. 
Xeros : Searg, dri/. 

OMIKRON. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits : — 

Initial d, as orao from dearc ; 

Initial/, as o'mos from fion, orge /ro?« fearg; 

Initial o, as olielos /rom huaill ; 

Initial s, as ode/;om sud. 

Initial i, as oikos from tigh. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes o, as 

okelloy;07)i glaodh. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes eg — 

and och— : see ogkeros, ochlos. This is analogous to its 

prefixing ag — . 
Orao : Dearc, see. 
Oinos : Fion, wine. 
Oikos : Tigh, a house. 
Ois : Oisg, a sheep. 
Obelos, hallo : Buaill, (hroiv. 
Okto: Ochd, eight. 
Ode : Sud, that. 
Odons : Deud, a tooth. 
Okello, kello, kaleo : Glaodh, shout. 
Ololuzo : lolacli, a cry. 
Omalos : Amhuil, like. 
Onoma: Ainm, a 7iame. 
Orge : Fearg, anger. 
Oros, a hill : Ord, a hill. 
Oros, Orion, a border : Oir, a border. 
Ogkeros : Garlih, rough, large. 
Ochlos, ochleo : Luchd, people. 
Opse, late, after : Ais, backwards. 
Oruo : Ruith,^oit'. 
Ouranos, Heaven : Ard, high. 
Oulos, oulo, holos : UUe, all. 
Odos : Uidhe, a way. 
Oi, alas : ! och, alas. 
Oi, who : A, who. 

Oideo, oidema, oidesis : At, a swelling : uchd, brow of a hill. 
Oion, alone : Aon, one. 
Ois : Oisg, a sheep. 
Oionos : Eun, a bird. 
Omphalos : lomlag. 
Orego : Euig, reach. 



44 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 

Oruoo: 'Rniih, flow. 

Ophrus : Abhra, eye-lid, 

Opuio, opio, opioso: Pos, marry. 

Ochthe, ochthos, a hank : Uclid, the side of a hill. 

PI. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
c to ^ : see pa, pule, pons, puxos, prin, peras, paian, peina, 
pinninos, planao, pothi, pentheo, pente, pontos, poneo, 
pugme. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes p : see 
pater, platus, pleon, pioion, paros, pro, prin. 

Celtic b is sometimes changed to Greek p; and Celtic p to 
Greek 6. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
g to p: see prio, porroo, pelos. 
Pa, ivhere ; pou : C'e, ivho. 
Pule, polos: Caol, narrow, small. 
Pous, pedao, pedon, peitho : Cos, a fool. 
Pentheo, poneo: Caoin, deplore. 
Puxos : Ciste, a chest. 
Prin : Crann, a beam. 
Peras: Crioch, the end. 
Pente : Cnig, five. 
Paian, a hymn : Cainnt, speech. 
Peina, hunger : Cion, ivanl. 
Pothi, who : C'e, ivho. 
Pinninos, pontos : Cuan, the sea. 
Planao : Claon, go astray. 
Prio, ciit : Gearr, ctit. 
Poroo : Garbh, rough. 
Pelos, darlc : Glas, gray. 

Paros, peri, porro, pro, para, prin, proi, protos, pros : Eoi, before. 
Pater: Athsiix, father. 
Platus : Leud, breath. 
Pleon, more : lian, full. 
Pioion : Long, a ship. 
Pagos : Bach, a hill, 
Palla : Ball, a hall. 
Pallo, plesso; pileo : Buaill, s^nAe. 
Par, paroos, pertho, puroo : Brath, fire. 
Patasso, pateo : Bata, a staff. 
Pao, to pasture : Bo, a cow. 
Pleion : Bliadhna, a year. 
Pais : Paisd, a child. 

Pluno, icash ; perhaps allied to Plum, sink. 
Pelagos, the sea, pe-lag-os : Loch, an arm of the sea. 
Purges : Burg, a toivn. 
Per, expletive particle : Bar, top. 
Peri. In some words the prefix peri— is from Bar, lop, as 

Periallos : Bar; eile, another. 

Peribioo : Bar ; beo, alive. 
Pro, an intensive prefix, as in prodelos : Eo, very. 
Peri, an intensive prefix, as in perideido : Ro, very. 
Polls, politikos : Baile, a town. 
Proago, proales, proballo, programma, and many other compounds of 

pro are from the Celtic. 
Pianos : Blanda, courteous. 



CELTIC ORIGIN OF OREEK. -10 

Para. The primai'y meaning is )«•«)• : Jim, hrfurc. Many of tlie com- 
pounds of para are entirely from llie Celtic. 

Tera, a sack, pliero : Beir, cairi/. 

Pleko: FilU,afolJ. 

Petes, potizo : Poit, drink. 

Proix : Prac, small lithe. 

Pugmaios : Beag, small. 

Puthia : Faidh, <( prophet. 

Parokeanitis, the sea-shore; par-okean-ilis. Par from roi, before; 
okean from aigean, the sea ; itis from aile, ci place. 

Pion, ivcalthy. Ouce flocks were wealth ; Bo, a cow. 

Ptochos : ]^ochd, poor. 

Pugme, a battle : Cog, fight. 

Pelomai, I am : Beil mi, I am. 

Pelo, / am : Beil, I am. This has the same spelling, hut is a difleront 
word from : — 

Pelo, move : Buaill, strike. 

Vcriccho, I am superior: Bar, top; ag. This lias the same spelling, 
but is a difierent word from : — 

Periecho, I oppose : Eoi, before ; aig. 

Ploein, to sail: Long, a ship. 

Patronj'mies. Some female patronymics end in — ine or — one. Tliese 
are from — an, or bheau, woman. 

EHO. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial c : 
see rhachia, rhei^o. 
Rhachia, rhox : Craig, a rock. 
Eha, entirely : Eo, veri/. 
Eheo: Euith,./?oif. 
Eheo, rhetor, rema : Eadh, speech. 
Ehigos : Eeogli,//-ee^'e. 
Ehepo: Crub, bend, crouch. 
Rhesso : Bris, break. 
Rhin, rhion : Sron, a nose. 

Ehiothos, the noise of waters : TMith,flow ; eas, a waterfall. 
— ros, a termination of adjectives : — ra is a common termination of 

Gaelic adjectives, from — or, mhor, mor, great. 

SIGMA. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes inserts t after 

■ initial s .• see stalazo, stergo. 
Ill adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes s : see 
stege, stenos, scambos, strenes, sphallo, soros, skizo, skello, 
skuzo, streplio. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes se : see 
selene, selas. 
Stergo : Seii-e, love. 
Stalazo : SO, drop. 

Stenos, steno, stenion : Teann, tense. 
Stege : Tigh, a house. 
Strenes : Treun, bold. 
Sphallo : Feall, deceive. 
Skizo ; Geiun, a ivedge ; sgain, rend. 
Skello, 7iiake thin : Caol, thin. 
Selene : Luan, moon. 
Selas : Leus, light ; soillse, light ; solus, light. 



46 CELTIC OEIGIN OF GREEK. 

Sakkos, a sack : Sac, a sack. 

Sakos, a shield : Sgath, a shade. 

Salos, als, saleno : Sal, sal/. 

Stao, istemi, stadion, spadion, stasis, stereos : Stad, slop ; steidhich, 

establish. 
Skepo, cover : Sgiath, shield. 
Soo, incite from seuo : Suas, up. This has the same spelliii" hut 

is a different word from : — 
Soo, preserve, from soos : Saohh, well. 
Skamhos : Cam, crooked. 
Skia, skotos : Sgath, a shade. 
Skiros : Sgor, a rock. 
Skuzo, skuhalon, kuon : Cu, conn, a dog. 
Soos, soter, soo, sostron, sozo : Saohh, well. 
Spairo : Spreod, incite. 
Soo, seuo, incite, move : Suas, up. 
Soros, a heap : Ard, high. 
Strepho (e changed to t, and s prefixed) : Car, a turn. 

TAU. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
ctot: see ti, tessares, teiro, ti-eo, truo, tupto. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
g io t : see trachus, tragos. 
Ti, ivhat : C'e, who. 
Tessares : Ceathar,/o!<r. 
Teiro, toreo, tornoo : Car,'a turn. 
Treo, shake : Crith, shake. 
Truo, vex ; trueho, truchuo : Cradh, vex. 
Tupto, tupos, tupuo, tumpanon : Caob, hite, strike. 
Tereo, behold : Dearc, see. 
Tetao, deprive : Dith, ivant. 
Trachus : Garbh, rough. 
Tragos, if from trachus : Garhh, rough. 
Teino, tenon, tanuo, tenesmos, tonos : Teann, tense. 
Tauros : Tarbh, a bull. 

Tegos, teichos, tekton,'teuchos, teucho : Tigh, teach, a house. 
Teiro : Teirig, ivasle. 
Temno : Teum, a bit. 
Terso, turos : Tior, dry. 
Treis, tris : Tri, three. 
Tursis : Tur, a tower. 
Tainia, tanaos, tunos : Tana.' thin, small. 
Trugeo, io dry : Tior, dri/. 
Tu, thou : Du, thou. 
Tumbos : Tom, a hillock. 
Turannos : Tighearn, a lord. 
— tos, a termination of adjectives : — ta is a common termination of 

Gaelic adjectives. 
Temos, then : An t'am, the time. 

UPSILON. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial c : 
see ule, huhos, hymnos. 
Ule, a wood : Coille, a ivood. 
Hubos : Cub, bend. 

Huadeo, Huas, huakizo, huo, hudos, hugros : Abh (obsolete), iraler ; 
Ad (obsolete), water. 



I 



CELTIC OltlClN Ob' GltEliK. 17 

Uios, a son : Ogha, a graiulcluld. 

Vie, material of any kind: Aol, liini:, mud, Vf. 

Hudor, hudrops : Doii-, water. 

Huper : Os barr, over. 

Hupsos, hupsoo, hupsose : Suas, up. 

Husteron, after : Ais, backwards. 

Humnos : Cainnt, spcec/i ; can, sing, say. 

PHI. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes ph : 
see plirazo, pharoo, phUeo, phlego, phoitao, phradao. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
c to pit Cas it changes g to p) : see phlia, phren, phuo, phrix. 
Phrazo, phradao : Eadh, speech. 
Pharoo : Ar, plough. 
Plilia, a threshold: Caol, narrow. 
Phren, phroneo : Crionna, prudent, sagacious. 
Phi-Lx, motion of the sea : Crith, shake, move ; uisge, water. 
Phuo : Ce, the earth. 
Phulopis, a battle : Buaill, strike. 
Phrater : Brathair, a brother. 
Phone : Fonn, a tune. 
Phero, phoreo, phortos : Beir, carry, 
Pholeos : FoU, a den. 
Phatis, an oracle : Faidh, a prophet. 
Phlego, phleso, Fhlos., Jlame : Leus, light. 

Phoitas, to frequent, to go often to a place : perhaps from Aite, a place. 
PhJlos, phileo ; Aill, desire, pleasure ; muileach, beloved. 
Phuo, / am : Bith, am. 
Phuo, beget; phuso, phusis : Fas, grow. 
Phor, a thief; one who carries ofi": Beir, carry. 
Phulla, phuUon : Bileach, a leaf. 

Phellos : Feile, a covering. ' 

Pheugo, pheuge : Fogair, expel. 
Phulasso, to take care of: Feileach, hospitable. 

CHI. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
c and g to ch. 
Cholos, laine : Cleidh, make lame, ^-c. 
Chabos, curved : Cub, bend. 
Charis, chaii-o : Car, a friend ; gradh, love. 
Cheilos : Cial, a brim. 
Cheir: Coir (obsolete), a hand, 
Chen-hos : Garbh, rough. 
Cheo, chazo, take : Gabh, take. 
Chloeunes: C\\\a.m, a lawn. 
Choos, eartli : Ce, the earth. 
Chortos : Gort, standing corn. 
Chronos : Cron (obsolete), /mc. 
Chalix : Cailc, lime. 

ChovBO, I take: Coir (obsolete), tite hand. 
Chorde : Cord, a cord. 
Charasso : Sgor, cut. 
Chamai : Ce, the earth. 
Chandauo, chazo : Gabh, lake. 
Chutos, in the ground : Ce, earth. 



48 CELTIC ORIGIN 0¥ GREEK. 

Cholas, an inlesline : Caol, narrow, small. 
Cheras, a heap of stones : Caim, a heap of stones. 

rsT. 

Psucho, dry : Seac, dry, wither. 

OMEGA. 

Olene : Uilean, the elbow, 

Osi : Is iad, they are. 

Omos : Amh, crude. 

Oon : Ubh, an egg. 

Ora, time ; oraios : Uair, an hour. 

Ora, care: Curam, care, 

Oraizo, to adorn : Curam, care. 

Oraizo, to mature : TJair, aii hour, lime. 

Ocliros : Odhar, pale, sallow. 

Odi: Slid, that. 

Ogen, okeauos : Aigean, the deep. 



APPENDIX TO PART SECOND, 

HEBREW AND GAELIC. 



Ager, gather : Greigli, a heni. 

Ageme, earth : Ce, earth. 

Aher, c^fler : lar, after. 

Am, mother : Am. 

Ane, presence : Ann, in. 

Ar, flow : Euith, run. 

At, thou : Tu, thou. 

Aur, light : Atliar, air. 

Orus, the Egyptian Apollo : AUiar. 

Ar, curse : Ar, slaughter. 

Aur, grass : Feur, grass. 

Are, pZ^^c•^■ : Beir, carry. 

Aro, i/ie ca7'/7i : Ai-, plougli ; til', llie earth. 

Ba, come : Uidhe, a ivay. 

Beg, « portion : Beag, ^(7/^6'. 

Bel, hasten : Buaill, throw. 

Bol : Beul, the Qod Belus. 

Bor, clear off: Beir, carrtj. 

Bor, ftzH'n : Bratli,y!re. 

Ber, a son : Bar (obsolete), a son. 

Ger, &e?i< downwards : Car, a zm/'«. 

Gomel, a camel : Camh-al, a crooked horse. 

Ger, cut : Gearr, cut. 

Ger, sojourn : Cor (obsolete), a visit. 

Gered, scrape : Grabb, engrave. 

Du, languish : Do, unfortunate. 

Die, Mack and »27c : Du, black and j«A. 

Di, o/: De, of. 

Delech, trouble : Duilicb, difficult. 

Dequ, covering : Teach, a house. 

Dereek, slraightway : Direach, straiglU. 

E, which : A, ivho. 

Eia, he : E, he. 

Elel, mad : Alluidh, ivild. 

El, exult : Ailt, high. 

"El, shine: Aile, mV; lens, light. 

Er, a hill : Ord, a hill. 

leir, proud : Ard, 7jz^7i ; ardan, pride. 

Ze, </iw : So, this. 

Zequen, old : Sean, old. 

Chere_, heat : Tior, dry, 

Clierej, shoi-ten : Goirid, short. 

Chares, plough : Ar, plough. 

Thech, cover: Teach, /iowse. 

Thire, a tower : Tuir, a tower. 

Thur, a hill : Terr, a hill. 

Therech, waste : Teirig, wasle. 

lal, will : Aill, will. 

lUe, s/jOMi : lolach, shout. 



50 HEBKEW AND GAELIC. 

lin, ivine : Fion, wine. 

Ise, is : Is, is, are. 

Iso, save : Saobh, ivell. 

Ked, dart : Gatli, a javelin 

Kue, biim : Caith, consume, ivasie. 

Kela, restrain: Col (obsolete), rcslrain. 

Kepe, bend : Cub, be7id. 

Ker, ro!mcZ : Cuaii-t, a circuit. 

Kers, bow: Car, a turn. 

Keret, cut off: Goirid, short; gear, cut. 

Lath, col's)- : Luidh, lie. 

Kere, cz(< : Gear, ctit. 

Leben, tvMte : Lia (grey) ; ban, ly/wYc. 

Lei, turn : Aill, ^iwvi. 

Meshek, mix : Measg, mix. 

Mera, sivell : Mor, great. 

Na, a particle importing failure : Neo, not. 

Nezel, drop : Sil, drop. 

Nir, plough : Ar, plough. 

Shek, corer : Sgath, a sTiatZe. 

Shemel, linage : Amhuil, Za-e. 

Shen, spread out : Sin, extend. 

Sheten, stop up : Stat, stop. 

01, afeoiie ; Ailt, high. 

Ognr, cut: Gear, cut; genr, sharp. 

Or, rise : Ear, i/ie easi. 

Orej, agitate: Feavg, anger. 

Par, a«?o?-« : Briadlia, pretty. 

Pra, ri(« ; Euith, 7-un. 

Pered, divide : Pairt, a part. 

Pre, 6ea»- ; Beir, bear. 

Jeri,Jloiv : Euith, ^oty. 

Qua, vomit ; Sgath, vomit. 

Qubo, oppress : Cub, bend. 

Quthen, small : Tana, small. 

Quel, soM?i(^ ; Glaodh, shout. 

Quen, lament : Caoin, lament. 

Qune, hollow : Cian, empty. 

Qujer, shorten : Goirid, short. 

Qujer, cut : Gear, cut. 

Qujeb, cut : Caob, a section. 

Qura, meei: Cor (obsolete), a visit. 

Qurie, a city : Cathair, a city. 

Qurech, ice : B.eogh, freeze. 

Qurn, a horn : Com, a horn. 

Eeb, strive : Eeub, tear. 

B,ego, still: Eeogh,/7-ee^-e. 

'Rne, moisten: B^nith, run. 

Eepe, submit : Crubadh, bending. 

Arej, the earth : Ar, plough ; tir, earth. 

Eejej, run : Euith, run. 

Eeje, pleased with : Gradh, affection. 

Seq, a sack : Sac, a sack. 

Sequi, *•m^• : Sugh, juice. 

Ses, six : Se, six. 

Set, place : Steidhicli, establish. 

Teme, ivonder : Tioma, afraid. 

Turin, oxen : Tarbh, a bull. 



CELTIC ORIGIN 

OF 

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES.* 



In two former small publications I csliibitod comiiarativc vocabula' 
ries of the Latin and Gaelic, and of the Greek and Gaelic languages 
respectively, and endeavonred to sliew tliat a large proportion of the 
words in the two classical tongiies might be traced to a Celtic origin: 
with this distinction, however, that wliile the Greek woi-ds appeared 
to be derived in a great measure directly from the Celtic, the Latin 
words seemed to have been derived from the same soui-ce, partly in a 
direct line, and partly through the medium of the Greek; and in the 
contributions alluded to in reference to this inquiry, I attended 
chiefly to the words commonly employed by the writers of these 
languages. 

The present attempt, also, has for its object to trace the etymology 
of some of the names of places and persons mentioned by these 
writers, and to shew that these likewise may be explained on the 
same principle ; and while some have contended for the Sanskrit 
origin of the Greek, and for the Sanskrit, Greek, Teutonic, and 
Slavonian origin of the Latin, there is not wanting ample, if not 
conclusive evidence, of the partly Celtic origin of these languages, 
as well as of the nations which employed them. 

Of some names only part of the etymology is given ; and of some 
others, the various derivations from the Greek and Latin, or from 
the names of persons, which have been adopted by preceding writers, 
have been left out from want of space. Several doubtful etymologies 
are followed by a point of interrogation, and a few, which are 
perhaps too far-fetched, might perhaps have better been omitted ; — 
as the nature of the inquiry insensibly leads the etymologist from 
the near to the remote until he is induced to believe some derivations 
to be likely, which, at an earlier stage of his investigation, be might 
have rejected as improbable. Besides other works, I have consulted 
Park's edition of Lempriere's Classical Dictionai-y (1838), and have 
added to his list about six hundred names. 

With regard to the names of several places in Britain and Gaul, an 
attempt has been made to give a definite meaning to those of them 
which have all along been understood to be Celtic, but whose precise 
signifieation has not hitherto been determined. 

* This appeared in 1845 with, the title : The Derivation of many Classical 
Proper Names from the Graelic Language, or the Celtic of Scotland : being 
Part Third of an Inquiry into the Partly-Celtic Origin of the Greeks and 
Komans. Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black ; and Longman and Co., 
London, 1845. Printed at the University Press, Thistle Street, Edinburgh, 
by Stevenson and Company. 



52 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Of the names of places in Italy, a few were formerly derived from 
the Latin, and from names of persons; hut of most of them no 
etymology whatever has been given. These derivations are here 
exchanged for Celtic ones, and some of the deficiencies are now 
supplied from that ancient language. To shew more distinctly the 
extent to which the Latin language is indebted to the Celtic, there 
might have been given a sepai-ate list of places in Italy ; a similar 
list of places in Greece would have served to illustrate the same 
principle with regard to its language. 

The illustrations from the Celtic are taken from only one of its 
branches, namely, the Gaelic ; and all the words, with the exception 
of five or six that are obsolete, are in common use at the present day 
in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland, and may be found 
in the Gaelic Dictionary of Macleod and Dewar CEdinb. 1833), or 
in the Pronouncing Gaelic Dictionary of Maealpine (Edinb. 1833). 
It is extremely probable that the proofs of the partly Celtic origin of 
the Greeks and Romans might be greatly increased by references to 
the Irish, Welsh, Armoric, Manx, Cornish, and other dialects of the 
Celtic ; since what one of these dialects has lost may be preserved 
by another, and words found in some of them may he referable to 
roots now extant only in the others. As the Celtic, like any other 
language, is liable to be altered by time, and to have roots and words 
which have been lost replaced by modern corruptions, it will readily 
occur to the reader, that if a certain similarity exists between the 
Greek and Latin, as spoken about two thousand years ago, and the 
Gaelic of to-day, that similarity was probably greater originally than 
it is now. 

The objects of this Essay are— Eii'st. To inquire into the propor- 
tion of Celtic names of places mentioned by Greek and itoman 
writers. Second. To apply the same to history. 

The reader unacquainted with Gaelic is requested to notice that 
in its pronunciation bit, and mh are sounded like the English v ; ph. 
like/; before the small vowels e and f, c snad ci are always hard like 
k ; ch is like ch in loch, as the Scotch pronounce it ; d and t, when 
followed by h, are generally silent. 

Abella, a town of Campania : Baile, a town. 

Abellinum, atown of the Hirpini and another of Lucania : ditto 
Abila, a town of Syria : ditto 

Abylon, a town of Egypt : ditto 

Abdera, a town of Spain and another of Thrace : Tur, a toiver. 
Abderia, a town of Spain : Torr, a hill. 

[The words torr, dun, and hurg signify a hill; and dim and hm-g 

came to be applied generally to towns, as these at first were 

for security built on heights ; torr was also so applied, 

though less frequently.] 

Ahobrica, a town of Lusitania ^and another of Spain: Burg, a lull, 

a town. 
Ahoraca, a town of Sarmatia : ditto 

Abrotonum, a town of Africa : ditto 

Arus, a town of the Sapsei : ditto 

Abylon, a city of Egj^pt: Baile, a ioivn. 

Aca— , Ace — , Ach — , Aci — , Aeg — , Aug — . Some names of 
towns begin with these : Acha, a plain, a place. ( Acha enters 
into the composition of numerous names of places in Scot- 
land, as Auchiulech, Auchterarder, &c.) 



CLASSICAT, PROPER NA.MES. r,•^ 

Acacesium, a town of Arcadia : Achn, a plain, a place. 

Accuii, a town of Apulia : ditto 

Ace, now Acre : ditto 

Ace, a place of Arcadia : ditto 

Acesta, a town of Sicily : ditto 

Acliffiium, a place of Troas : ditto 

Aceila, a town of Sicily : ditto 

Acila, a town of Arabia : ditto 

Acarnan, a stony mountain of Attica: Carn, a cciirn or heap of stimes. 

Acara, a town in Paunonia and another in Italy : Catbair (pronounced 

Ca-hur,) a city. 
Acerina, a colony in Italy : ditto 

Acerrte, a town in Gaul and another in Campania : ditto 
Achara, a towi near Sardis : ditto 

Acharnsc, a town of Attica : ditto 

Acersecomes, a name of Apollo, signifying the unshorn : Gearr, cnl. 
Acheron, a bitter stream : Geur, bUicr ; amhuinn, a river. 
Acheron, a river on the Rijihean mountains, another of Elis, and 

another of Italy : Gzxhh, rough ; amhuinn (pronounced Aveu), 

a river. 
Acilla, a town in Africa : Aeha, a place. 
Acontius, a mountain of Boetia: Ceann, a head. 
Acontobulus, a place of Cappadoeia : BaUe, a town. 
Acradina, the citadel of Syracuse : Garbh, rough ; dun, a hill. 
Acrae, a town of Sicily : Catbair (pronounced Ca-hur), u city. 

Acrsephia, a town of Boeotia : ditto 

Acriffi, a town of Laconia ; ditto 

Acrisione, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 

Acrotboon, a town of Thrace : ditto 

Acritas, a promontory of Messenia : Garbh, rough, high. 
Acropolis, the citadel of Athens : Garbh, rough; baile, a town. 

— acum, — acus. About fifty names of places end in these (as 
noticed by Prichard, Physic. Hist. Mank., iii. 113), which 
are the same as Aca — , Ace, &c. Acha, a plain, a place. 
Ades, or Hades, from a and eido, which is from the Gaelic Beachd, 

vision. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial h. 

Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul ; Ad-gau-destrius : Ceann (the c 

pronounced like h), a head or chief. 
Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia. The last syllable — rix is a common 

termination of the names of Celtic kings and chiefs, and is the 

Gaelic righ, from which is derived the Latin rex. 
Adrana, a river in Germany : Doir (obsolete), ivaler. 

Adranus, a river in Sicily : ditto 

Adrasta, one of the Oceanides : ditto 

Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon : ditto 

Adria, Adrianum, or Adriaticum, the Adriatic Sea ; ditto 
Adria, a town at first on the Adriatic, though by the gaining of the 
• land it is now about twenty miles distant; deriving its name 

from the sea, which is from Gaelic Doir, water. 
Adrumetum, a town on the Mediterranean : Doir, water: aite, a place. 
jEas, a river of Epirus : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 



^gajon, son of Terra and Pontus, jE-gseon ; aia, gaia : Ce, earth , 



04 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

yEga, a town of the peninsula of Pallene : Acha, o place, a plain. 

jl'jgeas, a town in Greece : ditto 

Ai^ta, a town of Macedonia: ditto 

Euboea : ditto 

Achaia : ditto 

j^'Jolis ; ditto 

jligaese, a town of Oilicia : ditto 

^ligaens, a plain in Phocis : ditto 

/Egas, a place of Eubcea : ditto 

Italy: ditto 

.Egeliou, a town of 'i'hessalj' : ditto 

^Esis ; Ath-esis ; jEsarus ; Api-usa ; rivers of Italy : Uisge, water. 

^ga3on, a pirate : Aigeann, the sea; cuan, the sea. 

yEgeuniMare: ditto 

iEgfeus, a surname of Neptune : ditto 

a river of Corcyra : ditto 

^gan, the ^Egean Sea : ditto 
^gesta, a town of Sicily : Acha. 

iEgida, a town in Greece : ditto 

^gila, a place in Laconia : ditto 

iEginium, a town in Thessaly : ditto 

iEgira, a town of Achaia : Cathair, a city. 

iEgiroessa, a town of yEtolia : ditto 

jEgon, a promontory of Lemnos : Ceann, a head. 

^gy, a town near Sparta : Acha. 

jEgypsus, a town near the Danube : ditto 

iEmonia, the hilly country afterwards called Thessaly : Monadh 

(pron. mona), a hill. 
/Enus, a river of Germany : Abhuinn, a river. 
iEolus, the king of the winds : Aile, ivind. 
bolides, a name of Ulysses : ditto 

jEolida, a city of Tenedos : ditto 

near Thermopylfe : ditto 

jEolisB, the jEolian Islands : ditto 

iEolia, a country of Asia Minor : ditto 

M?, — , some names of rivers begin thus : Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 

.(Esapus, a river of Mysia : Uisge. 

.(Esar, a river of Greece : Uisge ; Mor (in composition, — or), great. 

^sis, a river of Italy, which gave its name to a town : Uisge. 

.(Eson, a river of Thessaly, ditto 

jEthusa, a daughter of Neptune ; ^th-usa : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 

Agar, a town of Africa : Cathair, a town. 

Agarum, a town of Arabia : ditto 

Agassse, a city of Thessaly : Acha. 

Agasus a harbour of Apulia: Acha ; uisge. 

Agatha, a town of Gaul : Acha. 

Agathopolis, a town of Gaul : Baile, a. town. 

Agendicum, a town of Gaul ; Agend-icum : Acha. 

Acragas, a hill, river, and town of Sicily : Creag, a hill, a rock. • 

Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges: Garbh, rough; abhuinn, 

a river. 
Agorrea, a name of Minerva : Greigh, a flock. 

Agoreus, a name of Mercury, from presiding over 

markets : ditto 

Agoranomi, market-inspectors : ditto 

Agra, a place near Athens : Cathair, a city. 

a town of Snsa : ditto 



miriiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiTni 



CLAijSlCAL ritOl'EU NAMES. 00 

Agra, a town of Arabia : Catbair, a c'lUj. 

Arcadia : ilitto 

Agi'e, a dog's name : tieur, aharii. 

Agrianes, a river of Uliraee, and a people on its banks : Garbh, rumjh ; 

abbuinn, a river. 
Agriuinm, a city of Acamania: Catliair. 
Agrionius, a name of Bacclius, froui bis fondness for savage beasts : 

Gin-bb, tvilil. 
Agyrium, a town of Sicily : Catbair. 
Alba Louga, a to\Yn on Mens Albanus : Alp, a lu'njlil or eminence, a 

mountain. 
Alba, a town of tbe Marsi : ditto 

Alba, a city of Liguiia : ditto 

Albani and Albensis, inbabitants of tbe towns 

named Alba : ditto 

Albamis, a bill of Italy : ditto 

Albania, a country of Asia : ditto 

Albici, a people of Ciaul : ditto 

Albiette, a people of Latium : ditto 

Albigaunum, a town of Liguria : ditto 

Albania, tbe kingdom of Scotland. In modern Gaelic, Albaiun is 

the name of Scotland, from alp, a hciglil. 
Albion, the island of Britain: Alp, a height. 
Alburnus, a high bill of Lucania-. Alp, a height; bar, an eminence, 

the top. 
Albius, a bill of Illyricuai : Alp. 
AlbintemeUum, a town of Liguria: Alp. 

Albanopolis, a town of tbe Allsani in Asia : Alp ; baUe, a town. 
Albimis was a name common to many Komans, like the present com- 
mon Scottisli-Highland name of Alpine and Macalpine. 
Alpinus, a family nane among tbe Eomans, lilce the Scotch names 

Alpine and Macalpine. 
Alpinus, relating to tbe Alps : Alp, 
Alcyone, or Halcyone, ( Namo^ m an^^^^^^^ 
Alcyoneus, Al-cyoneus, ( the sea : ) 

Alcyonia Palus, a pool in Corinth : Cuan, sea. 

Alcyonium Mare, part of the Gulf of Corinth; Al-cyon-ium : Cuan, sea. 
Alex, a river of the Erutii : AUt, a river, a hum. 

2 2 

Algidum, a town of Latium, Alg-id-um : Aite, a place. 

Al — , Ale — , Ali — . Some names of towns begin with these, 
perhaps from Baile, a town ; initial 6 being omitted. 
Almo, a river near Eome : AUt, a river. 
Alpes, the Alps : Alp, high. 
Alpes Graiae : Alp, a height; garbh, rough. 
Alpes Penninse : Alp ; beinn, a hill. 
Aluta, a river of Dacia : AUt, a river. 
Amagenbrica, a place on the Arar : Burg, « town. 
Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, Al-yssus : Uisge, water, 
Amana, a branch of Mount Taurus : Mona, a hill. 
Amardi, a people on the coast of the Caspian : Muir, sea. 
Ambenus, a hill of Sarmatia : Beinn, a hill, a mountain. 

Ambiorix, a Gaulish king, Ambio-rix : Pdgh, a king. 
Amblada, a town of Psidia : Baile, a town. 
Ambracia, a town of Threspotia : IBurg, a hill, a town. 
Ambracus, a fort in Greece : ditto 

Amenanus, a river of SicUy ; Abhuinn or amhuinn, a river. 



06 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Aminius, a river of Arcadia : Abhuinn, or amliuinn, a river. 
Amisia, a river of Germany : ditto 
Amnias, a river of Bithynia : ditto 
Aranisus, a river of Crete : ditto 
Ampelus, a town of Crete, Am-pel-us : Baile, a lown. 
Ligura : ditto 

Cyrene : ditto 

Amphipolis, a town of Thrace : Baile. 

Amphipyros, a name of Diana, from having a torch in both hands 

Amphi-pyros: uim, around; hvath, fire, 

12 1 2 

Amphitrite, a daughter of Oceanus, Amphi-trite : Uim, around; tir, land. 
Amphitrite, a name for the sea : Uim, around ; tir, land. 

one of the Nereides : ditto 

Amydon, a town of Macedonia : Dun, a hill and town. 

An — . Some names of rivers begin with An — : Amhuian, a river. 

Anagyrontum, a town of Attica : Cathair, a town. 

Anagyrus, a place in Attica : ditto 

Anassus, a river of Italy: Abhuinn, a river. 

Anapus, a river of Epirus : ditto 

a river of Sicily : ditto 

Anas, a river of Spain : ditto 
Anaurus, a river of Thessely : ditto 
a river of Troas : ditto 

Anatole, a hill near the Ganges, Ana-tole : Tula, a hill. 

Anchora, a fort in Galatia : Garbh, sleep, high. 

Ancon, a town on an angular promontory : Eaug, a corner. 

Ancura, a town of Galatia : Cathair, a town. 

Ancyrse, a town of Sicily : ditio 

a town of Phrygia : ditto 

Andania, a town in Arcadia, An-dania : Dun, a hill, a town. 
Andomadunum, a town in Gaul : ditto 

Andomatis, a river of India : Abhuinn, a river. 
Andriclus, a river of Troas : ditto 

Andriclus, a hill of Cilicia, An-dri-clus : Torr, a hill. 

Andromeda, her history connects her with the sea : Doir, icaler. 

(Doir is not in modern use ; our Scottish historian, Buchanan, 
in his history, refers to dur, as signifying water ; and from 
his birthplace, we may be almost certain that he was able 
to speak Gaelic.) 

Anemurium, a promontory of Cilicia : Muir, sea. 

Anelontis, a river near Colophon : Abhuinn, a river. 

12 I 

Anemo, a river near Eome, worshipped as a god, An-nemo : Abhuinn, 

2 

a river ; naomh, holy. 
Angelus, a son of Neptune : Abhuinn. 
Angites, a river of Thrace i ditto 
Ahgrus, a river of Illyricum : Abhuinn ■ garbh, rough. 
Anicium, a town of Gaiil, An-icium : Acha. 
Anigrus, a river of Thessaly ! Abhuinn. 
Anio, a river of Italy : ditto 

Annedonachum, a place in Gaul: Acha, a place, a plain. 
Anteeopolis, a town of Egypt: Baile, a todn. 
Antemnte, a city at the Confluence of the Anio and Tiber : Abhuinn', 



fTrnTnTTni|iiii|""i"*T'^'1 



CLASSICAL PlIOPER NAMES. OT 

Anlhedon, a town of Bojotia; Autlie-ilon : Dun, « /"//, a town. 

Palestiue : dilto 

I'eloponiiesus : ilittu 

Anticragus, a liill of Lycia : Craig, a rock. 

Anticyni, a city of I'hocis : Catliaii-, a loa-n. 

Antilibanus, a hill in Syria : lieann, a hill. 

Autinoopolis, a town in Egypt : Baile, a lotvn. 

Antiquaria, a town in Spain ; Anti-quar-ia : Catlinir. 

Antipodes, Anti-podes, pons, from cos, afoul (Celtic c being cliaiigcil 

to Greek ^j). 
Antipolis, a town of Gaul : Baile. 
Autitaurus, a hill of Armenia : Torr, a hill. 
Antoninopolia, a town of Mesopotamia : Baile. 
Antunuacum, a place in Belgic Gaul : Acha, a place. 
Anxius, a river of Armenia : Abhuinn, a river. 

Anzabas, a river near the Tigris : ditto 

Aon, who tirst collected the inhabitants of Breotin into cities, and 

reigned over them : Aon, one. 
Aornos, a high rock in India: Ard, high. 

Bactriana : ditto 

Apeauros, a hill of Peloponnesus : Bar, an eminence. 

Apenninus, mountains in Italy : Beann, a hill, a top. 

Apidanus, a river of Thessaly :' Abhuinn, a river. 

Apiola, a town of Italy : Baile, a (own. 

Apiusa, a river of Italy : Tlisge, water. 

Apollo, so called from his bow, and about thirteen words compounded 

of this ; Buaill, strike, Ml. 
Arabriga,* a town of Spain : Burg. 

12 I 2 

Aracyuthus, a hill of .(Etolia, Ara-cyn-thus : Ard, higli ; ceaun, ft head. 

• BoBotia : ditto 

Arantinus, a hill near Phlius : Ard, high. 

Araras, a river of Scythia : Euith, flow. 

Arauris, a river of Gaul : ditto 

Araxus, or Araxes, + a river of Thessaly : B.uit'h, flow ; uisge, ivaler. 

Armenia: ditto 

Persia: ditto 



' flowing into the Rhone ditto 



Araxus, a promontory of Elis : Ard, itigh ; uisge, water. 
Arbcla, a city of Assyria: Baile, a town. 

a town of Sicily : ditto 

Arcobrica, four towns so named, in Celtiberia, Lusitania, etc. : Burg, 

a town. 
Ardaxanus, a river of Illyricum : Ard, high; amhuiun, a river. 
Ardonea, a town of Apulia : Dun, a hill and town. 
Arethusa, daughter of Oceanus, Areth-usa : Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 
Argelitum, a hill near Piome, Argel-itum: Ard, high; coille, wood; 

aite, place. 
Argantomagus, a town in Gaul: Magh,J a plain, a place. 
Argentinus, a god of commerce : Airgiod, silver. 
Argentarius, a mountain of Etruria : Ard, high ; eeann, head, hill. 
* From Professor Alexander Murray, European Languages, vol. i. p. 157. 
+ See a paper on the various rivers named Araxus, in Hist, de I'Aoad. 
des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 177i, vol. 36, page 79. 

t Of Magh and Acha, the primary and separate meaning is a plain ; 
but the secondary, and when in composition, is a place ; these two words 
being components in many names of places, towns, &c. Dun signifies a 
hill, but is secondarily used in numerous names of towns. 



58 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Argennum, a promontory of lona, /Ard, high ; Cuan, sea. The etymo- 

Ar-gen-num : J logy of Argennum is somewhat 

Argennum, a promontory of Sicily: J like that of Ardnamurchan, the 

\ promontoi7 of high seas. 
Argentoratum, a town of Gaul, Argentor-atum : Aite, a place. 
Argiletum, a place in Rome : ditto 

Argonautte, who travelled by sea, Ar-gon-autfe : Air, on ; cuan, (he sea. 
Argyra, a town of Troas, Ar-gyra : Cathau-, a town. 

Sicily : ditto 

Argyre, a town of India : ditto 

Ariminus, a river of the Apennines : Ard, high ; ahhuinn, a river, 

Aris, a river of Messenia : Kuith,^oM; ; uisge, uis-ge, water. 

Arius, a river of Aria : ditto 

Armorica, the coast of Gaul : Air, on ; muir, tlte sea. 

Artabrum, a promontory of Spain : Bar, a height, the top. 

Artabri and Artabritoe : ditto 

Artacaena, a city of Asia : Ard, higlt ; acha, a place. 

Artace, a town near Cyzicus : ditto 

of Phrygia : ditto 

a fort in Bithynia : ditto 

Artagera and Artagicerta, a town of Armenia: Ard, higJi ; cathair, 

a town. 
Artemisium, a promontory of EubcEa : Ard, high ; tom, a height ; 

uisge, water. 
Artobriga, a place on the Danube : Burg, a town. 
Artona, a town of the Latins : Ard, high; dun, a hill, town. 
Ai-visus, a promontory of Chios : Ard, Idgh ; uisge, ivater. 
Asciburgium, a city on the Ehine : Bui-g. 
Ascii, the shadow-less : Sgiath, a shade. 
Ascra, a town of Boeotia : Cathair, a city. 
Asia Paulus, a marsh in Lydia, Asia : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 
Asinarius, a river in Sicily, \ Abhuinn, a river ; 
Asines, ' Mor (in compos. Or), great 

— as, ) terminations of the names of rivers, as Anassus ; 

— assus, ) Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 
Astura, a river of Latium : Doii-, tvater. 
Asterusius, a mountain of Crete : Torr, a 'nill. 
Atabyrium, a town on a hill in Asia : Bar, a height. 
Atenomarus, a Gaulish chief: Mor, great; maor, one in authority. 
Athamania, a country on the declivity of Mount Pindus : Mona, a hill. 
Athesis, a river of Gaul : Uisge, t water. 
Athymbra, a city of Caria : Burg, a totvn. 
Atina, an ancient town of the Volsci : Dun, a hill, town. 
Aufona, the Avon in Gloucestershire : Abhuinn, a river. 
Augeae, a town of Laconia : Acha, a plain, a place. 

Locris : ditto 

Auginus, a mountain of Liguria, Au-gin-us : Ceann, a head, a hill. 

(The Latin g, and Gaelic c, both hard.) 
Augustobrica, a town of Spain : Burg, a toivn. 
Augustonemetum, a place in Gaul, -nem-etum : Naomh, /to/y ; aite, 

a place. 
Augustodunum, two towns in Gaul : Dun, a hill, a town. 
Augustoritum, a town of Aquitania ; Aite, a place. 
Auras, a river flowing into the Ister : 'Rmih, flow. 
Aurasius. a hill of Numidia : Ard, high. 
Aurora, the goddess of the east : Ear, the east. 

t See Williams in Trans. Koy. Soc. Edinb. 1837, vol. xiii. p. 494. 



riTTTfrmTnTnTrrrfTTTttTftmnii 



CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. r,9 

Attser and Auseris, f . . ^ K„.,,,.;a . I Uisf-e, water ; ruith, .//«»•. 

Auser, -j A nver ot Ltimia. [abhuinn, a W,w. 

Auster, tlio wind followed by rain : Uisge, uis-ge, iralev. 

Antura, a river of Ciaul : ])oir, water. 

Avanticuin, a river of the Ilelvetii, Avaiit-icura : Acha, a place. 

Aventia, Avens, names of rivers : Abhuiun, a river. 

Avnricum, a town of < ianl ; Bnrg, a ioirit. 

Avella, a town of Campania : liailc, a loivn. 

Aventinus, one of the hills of Home : lieinn, a Itill. 

Axabrica, a town of Lusitania : Hurg, a town. 

Axelodunum, a town in South Hritain : Dun. 

Axius, a river of j\Iacedonia : Uisge, nis-ge, water. 

Axona, a river of Gaul : ditto 

Azorus, cue of the Argonauts ; Uisge, water; fear (in compos, -ar,) 
■man. 

Azotus, a sea-port of Phoenicia: Uisge, uis-ge, tvaier ; aite, a place. 

Augila, a town of Jlarmarica, Aug-ila : Acha, aplaiji, a place. 

Aulidus, a river of Apulia, now the Ofanto: Abhuinn.a river. 

Aufidena, a town on Samnium, on a river: Abhuinn,» a river; dun, 
a hill, a. town. 

Aufeia Aqua, aftenvards called Jlarcia, was the best water in Rome, 
and was first conveyed into the city in the time of Ancus Mar- 
tins ; Aufeia: Abb? (obsolete), water. 

Aliso, a fort in Germany (Tacitus) : Ailt, high. 

Albis, a river of Germany ; Alb-is : Alp, high ; uisge, water. 

Allifffi, name of a high place (Livy xxii. IS) : Alt, high. 

Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber, from rising in the hills : Alp, 
a height. 

Amanns, a mountain in Syria : Monadh, a hill. 

Astabri, a tribe in Spain ; Asta-bri: Burg. 

Anion, a mountain of Calabria : Ailt, high. 

Babylon, a son of Belus, Ba-byl-on : Beul, the god Belus. 

Babylon, a city of Assyria and of Egypt, Ba-bylon : Baile ? a town. 

Babyrsa, a fort near Artaxata: Bar, a height ; burg, a fortress. 

Bacchus : Bach, drunkenness. 

Baccbi, a mountain of Thrace : Boc, swell. 

Badaeum, a place in Noricum, Bad-acum :,"Acha, a plain, a place. 

Badorigum, now Breslau : ditto 

Bagacum, a place in Gaul : ditto 

Badaca, a town of Media : Acha. 

Bagistana, a town of Media : Dun ? a hill, a town, 

Bal-. Some names of towns begin with Bal- : Baile, a town. 

Balanagroe, a town of Cyrene : Baile, a town. 

Balanea, a town of Syria : ditto 

Balbus, a mountain of Africa : Ball, a round object. 

Balista, a mountain of Liguria : ditto 

Balius, a horse of Achilles : Caball, ca-ball, a horse. 

Baleares, so named from ballein, to throw ; Buaill, strike, throw. 

Barathrum, the infernal regions (Val. Flac. 2) : Brath,^>e. 

Baraei, a people in Iberia, who burned their dead : Bmih, Jire. 

Bar-, Ber-, Bra-, Bri-, Brj'-, Bur-. Some names of towns begin with 

these : Burg, a town. 
Barbythace, a city of Persia: Burg, a town. 

* Abhuinn (pronounced Aven) is compounded of Abh (obsolete), water, 
and Inne, a channel, and from it tie various rivers called Avon derive 
their name. 



60 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Earce, a city of Africa : Burg, a lown. 

a town of Bactiiana : ditto 

a town of MeJia: ditto 

Bargylias, a town of Caria : ditto 

Barium, a town of Apulia : ditto 

Barnuus, a town of Macedonia : ditto 

Barbosthenes, a mountain of Peloponnesus : Bar, a height. 

Baris, a hill of Armenia : ditto 

Mons Barca, a cape in Africa : ditto 

Baris, a tower of Jerusalem : Burg, a tower. 

Batavodurum, a town in Batavia : Doir, water. 

Bedesis, a river of Italy : Uisge, water. 

Baul", Bel-, Bil-, Bol-, Bui-. Some names of towns so begin : Baile, 

a town. 
Bauli, a town of Latium : Baile, a town. 

Belemina, a town of Laconia : ditto 

Bauli, the villa of Hortensius : ditto 

Bebryx. a king in Spain, Beb-ryx : Eigh, a Icing. 
Bedriacum, a town of Italy : Acha, a plain, a place. 
Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls : 13eul, the god Belus. 
Belerium, Land's End, Bel-er-ium : Ball, a round object ; tir, land. 
Bellona, the goddess of war : Buaill, strike. 
Belon, a city of Spain : Baile, a town. 
Belus, a name of a god : Beul, the god Belus or Bel. Hence Beltane, 

the fire of Bel, on the first of May. 
Bendis, a Thracian name for Diana : Bean-Dia, a goddess. 

12 I 

Berecynthus, a mountain in Phrygia, Bere-cyn-thus : Bar, a height ; 

2 

ceann, a head. 
Berece, a town of Sicily : Burg, a town. 

Berea, now Aleppo : ditto 

Berytus, a town of Phcenicia : ditto 

Beroea, a town of Syria : ditto 

Macedenia : ditto 

Berenice, a town of Africa : ditto 

Bernus, or Bora Mons, a hill of Macedonia : Bar, a height. 

Bibacum, a place in Germany : K.ch&,aplace. 

Biblus, a city of Phcenicia, Bi-blus : Baile, a town. 

Bibracte, a town of Gaul : Burg, a town. 

Bibras, a town of the Eemi ; ditto 

Bigerra, a town in Spain : Cathair, a town. 

Bicorniger, a name of Bacchus: Corn, a horn. 

Bifrons, a name of Jupiter : Frons from Ferens, from Beir, carry. 

Bimater, a name of Bacchus : Mathair, a mother. 

Bituntum, a town of Spain: Dun, a hill, a town. 

Bodobrica, a town of Germany : Burg, a town. 

Blaviacum, a place in Gaul : Acha, a plain, a place. 

Bituricum, a town in Gaul: ditto 

Blandenona, a place near Placentia : Baile, a toivn. 

Blenina, a town of Arcadia : ditto 

Bodincomagus, a place on the Po : Magh, a jjlain, a place. 

Boioduruni, a place near the Danube : Doir, tvaier. 

Boeotia, so named from bous, an ox : Bo, a cow. 

Bola, a town in Italy : Baile, a town. 

Bolina, a town in Achaia : ditto 

Bolissus, a town near Chios : ditto 

Bolbitinum, one of the mouths of the Nile : Beul, a mouth. 



MiuTiiimMH M W T" 



CLASSICAL I'ROPEll NAMES. bl 

Kolbitiuum, a lowu on the Nile : Baile, a town. 

Boreuiu, a promontory of Ireland: Bar, a height. 

Rora, a mountain of Macedonia: ditto 

Borbetoraagus, a town of Germany: Burg, a town. 

Borcovium, now Berwick : ditto 

Borea, a town taken by Ponipey : ditto 

Bomos, a place of Thrace : ditto 

Borsippa, or Borsita, a town of Babylonia : ditto 

Bradanus, a river of Italy : Abhuinn, a river. 

Braboniacum, now Overborough : Acha, a plain, a place. 

Bremetauracum, now Brompton : ditto 

Brovouacium, now Kirkley Thure : ditto 

Brica — ,* Briga — , Bria — , Brigia — , Bri — . Some uames of towns 

begin, and some end in these : Burg, a town. 
BovilUu, a town of Latium, Bo-villm: Baile, a town. 

Campania: ditto 

Brasiie, a town of Laconia : Burgh, a town. 

Bratuspantium, a town of Gaul: ditto 

Brauron, a town of Attica : ditto 

Brigo, a town of Italy ; ditto 

Brigse, a town of the Alps : ditto 

Brenthc, a town of Arcadia : ditto 

Brescia, a town of Italy : ditto 

Brias, a town of Pisidia : ditto 

Brixellum. a town of Gaul : ditto 

Brixia, a town of Italy : ditto 

Brigetium, a town of Paunouia : ditto 

Brigania. a town of Ligui-ia: ditto 

Brundusium, a town of Calabria: ditto 

Brindes, a town of Italy : ditto 

Brigantes, a tribe iu Ireland : Burg '! 

Brigautes, a people iu Britain : ditto 

Bricinnia, a fort of Phocis : Burg, a town, a fort. 

Brigantium, now Bregenz : ditto 

Brenni, a people of the Alps : Bar, a height. 

Briareus, a giant : ditto 

]]rincatii, tribes dwelling on the Apennines : ditto 

Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos : Bar, a height ; uisge, uis-ge, imitcr. 

Brilessus, a mountain of Attica ; Bar, a heiglit. 

Brigiosum, a place of the Pictones : Burg. 

Brivodorum, a place of the Aureliani : Doir, water. 

Britomarus, a Gaulish chief: Mor, great; maor, one in autlionty. 

Britannia, Britanni, Britannicus, ic. : Breatunn, Britain. 

Britannodunum, now Dumbarton :t Dun, a hill, a town. 

Brutobrica and Brutobria, a town of Spain: Burg, a town. 

Bryanium, a place iu Greece : Burg, a town. 

Brysea, a town of Laconia : ditto 

Buceutaurus, half of whose body was that of the ox : Bo, a cow. 

Budorum, a promontory of Salamis : Doir, water ; torr, a hill. 

Bulus, a town of Phocis: Baile, a town. 

Bullis, a town of lUyricum : ditto 

Bucolica, pastoral poems : Buachaille. a sheplierd. 

'" On — brica, — briga, — bria, and — brivia, — see Pctit-Radel in Memoira 
de I'Acad. dcs Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 1822, vol vi., page 324 ; and 
Buchanan, Hist, of Scotland, edition of 1690, page 63. 

+ Sec Buchanan, Hist. Scotland (edit. 1690), p. 10 ; he has collected from 
Strabo, Ptolemy, Pliny, and the Itinerary of ^Vntonimis, a few Celtic names 
of places; p. 63 to 65. 



62 CELTIC OEIGIN OF 

Bursia, a town of Babylonia : Burg, a town. 

Burnium, a town of Caira: Burg, a town. 

Buprasium, a town of Elis : ditto 

Bura, a town of Acliaia : ditto 

Burdigala, now Bourdeux : ditto 

Bursa, a town of Bythinia : ditto 

Butuntum, a town of A.pulia, Bu-tuntuni : Dun, a hill, a town. 

Bylazora, a city of Peeonia : BaUe, a town. 

Byrsa, the citadel of Carthage: Bar, a height; burg, a fortress. 

Cabala, a place in SicDy, Ca-bala : Baile? a town. 
Cabalaca, a town in Albania : ditto 

Caballinum, a town in Gaul : ditto 

Caballio, a town of the Cavares : ditto 

Cabalinus, a fountain whose history was connected with the horse 'i 

Pegasus : Caball, a horse. 1 

Ca — or Cab — . This sound is a component in some names, as ' 

in the following: — Cabala, Cabaliea, Caballinum, Caballis, Ce- . 
benna, Chabinus, Cibyra, Ciminus, Gabala, Gehenna, d^^ Xi-„«i. 
Caca, a certain goddess : Cac. 
Cadra, a hill of Asia : Torr, a hill. 

Caenis, a promontoi7 of Italy: Ceann (the c hard), a head, a headland. 
Caslius, a hill at Eome, called Querquetulanus, from its oaks : Collie, 

a wood. 
Cassarobrica, a town in Lusitania : Burg, a town. 
Csesarodunum, now Tours : Dun, a hill, a town. 
Csesaromagus, now Beauvois : Magh, a plain, a place. 

Brentwood : ditto 

Caicinus, a river of Italy, Caic-inus : Abhuinn, a river. 
Calagurris, now C'alahorra: Cathair (the t silent), a city. 
Caledonia, now Scotland : Caled, hard (Camden) ; calltiun, tlie hazuU 
tree (Buchanan) ; Gael dun, Gaids of the mountains (Macpherson) : 
Gael duthaich (pronounced duech), the country of the Gael 
(Macpherson) : coille duech, the country of ivoods. Such are 
various derivations of the name Caledonia. In modern Gaelic, 
the word Gaelteachd is the name of the Highlands, and from it 
Caledonia is derived, receiving merely a more softened termi- 
]iation. 

[Tlie Romans seem to have given the country a name somewhat 
like that given it by its inhabitants : and from this it is an 
historical inference, that the present inhabitants of the High- 
lands are of the same race as those who successfully resisted 
the Romans. The proper way is not to derive the name from 
two or more (jaelie words, but first to observe if there is in 
Gaelic a word like it, which Gaelteachd is, and then, if pos- 

I 2 3 I 

sible, to derive this from Gaelic roots : Gael-teach-d ; gael, the 

2 3 

(Jael or Gauls; duthaich (pronounced duech), country; d, an 
unnecessary letter added by time.] 
Callaici or Callseci, a people of Spain: Gael, Gauls. 
Callidromus, the top of Mount QCta in Thessaly: Coille, a wood; 

druim, the ridge of a hill. 
Callipeuee, a name given by the natives to a pass in Greece: Caol, 

narrow. 
Callipolis, a town of Thrace : Gael; baile, a town. 

SieUy : ditto 

Calabria : ditto 



:Si¥¥^iwnTT¥rr iTfTtTTTTTTTll U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' " < I 



CLASRTCAL PROPEE NAlNfES. fi3 

Calpe, a mountain noai- a strait : Caol, narrow. 

Calj'ilon, a town of j^'Uolia : Dun, a hill, a town. 

Camalodunum, now Maldon : Y)\in, a iiill, a town. 

Cambodunum, a town oi' Bavaria: ditto 

Camaracum, now Cainbvay : Acha, a plain, a place. 

Camarina, a lake of Sicily, Ca-uiar-ina: Muir, sea. 

Cambiinii, a mountain of Macedonia : Beann, a hill. 

Camulodunum, two towns in South Britain : J3un, a hill, a town. 
123 I 

Canastrum, a promontory of I'fJlene, Can-as-trum : Ceann, heail ; 
2 3 

uisge, uis-ge, water ; torr, a hill. 

Cana, a promontoi-y /I'^tolia: Ceann (c liardj, a lieail, a hcudlaml. 

Canache, a dog's name : Cu, conn, a dog. 

C'anaviiB, islands so named from aboumling in dogs : Cu, conn, a iloii. 

Canathus, a fountain in wliicli Juno washed yearly : Cana, white. 

Cane, a mountain of Asia : Ceann, a head. 

Canethum, a mountain of Bffiotia : ditto 

Canicularis : Cu, conn, a dog. 

Cantse, inhabitants of Eoss-shire, Scotland : Ceann, a head, headland. 

Cantium, now Kent: ditto 

Cannaj, a river : Caomh, smooth ; abhuinn, a river. 

Caphareum, a mountain of Euboea, Ca-phar-eum : Bar, a height. 

Capitolinus, a hill at Eome, from which was talien Capitolium and 
122 I 

the surname Capitolinus, Capi-tolinus : Tula, a hill; Cab (obso- 
lete), a head. 

Car—, Cer-, Char—, Cher—, Chor— , Chry— , Cir— , Cor—, 
Cui- — , Cyr — , Cra — . Cri — , Cre — , Cro— , Cru — . Some names 
of towns begin with these. Cathair, (pronounced Ca-hur), a city. 

Capraria, names of islands, from abounding in goats: Gabhar, a goat. 

Capricornus: Gabhar, a g^oa^ ; corn, a /(o?-w. 
2 2 

Caprima, a town of Caria, Ca-pri-ma: Burg, a town. 

Capripedes, who had goats' feet: Gabhar, a goat ; cos, afoot. (Pons, 
from cos. Celtic c being changed to Greek p, as in many other 
words. 

Cai-asum, a town of Thrace: Cathair (pronounced Ca-hur), a city. 

Carbia, a town of Corsica : ditto 

Cai'caso, a town of Gaul: ditto 

Carche, a town of Asia : ditto 

Carte, places near Susa : ditto 

Caralis, a town of Sardinia : ditto 

Carcinitis, a town of Scythia : ditto 

Cardamj'le, a town of Ai-gos: ditto 

Cardia, a town of Thrace : ditto 

Carias, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 

Cariata?, a town of Bactriana : ditto 

Carilla, a town of the Piceni : ditto 

Carmona, a town of Gaul : ditto 

Caristum, a town of Liguiia : ditto 

C'arine, a town of Asia : ditto 

Carisiacum, a town of Gaul : ditto 

Carissanum, a place in Italy : ditto 

Carmana, a town of Carmania : ditto 

Carnus, a town of lUyricum : ditto 

Carnea, a tovm of Palestine : ditto 

Carabis, a town of Spain: ditto 



64 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Caraeotinum, a town of Gaul : Cathaii- (prononncetl Oahnv), a city. 

Carnasius, a town of Messenia : ditto 

Carnion, a town of Laconia : ditto 

Carnutes, a town of Gaul : ditto 

Carnuntum, a town of Paunonia : ditto 

Carrha, a town of Arabia: ditto 

Carruca, a town of Spain : ditto 

Carpasia, a town of Cyprus ditto 

Carra?, a town of Mesopotamia : ditto 

Carseoli, a town of the ^qui : ditto 

Carteia, a town of Spain : ditto 

Cartena, a town of Mauritania : ditto 

Carthsea, a town in Cea: ditto 

Carmel, a mountain of Galilee: Garbli, rough. 

Carmentis, a craggy hill : Craig, a rock; monadh, a hill. 

Carneus, a name of Apollo : Grian, the sun. 

Carnicse Alpes : Cairn, a heap of stones or cairn ; alp, high. 

Carpates, mountains of Dacia : Garbh, rough. 

Carthago, of the Romans : Carthage ; eathair, a cUij. 

Carthada, of the Carthaginians : ditto 

Carchedon, of the Greeks : ditto 

Carthea, a town of Cos : Cathair, a city. 

Carya, a town of Arcadia : ditto 

Laconia : ditto 

Carynia, a town of Achaia : ditto 

Carura, a town of Asia: ditto 

Caryanda, a town of Caria : ditto 

Carystus, a town of Eubcea : ditto 

Caryum, a place in Laconia : ditto 

Cams, a river of Gaul : Car, a turn ; uisge, uis-ge, water. 

Cassinomagus, a town in Gaul : Magh, a plain, a place. 

Castellodunum, a town in Gaul : Dun, a hill, a town. 

Castabala, a town of Cilicia, Casta-bala : Baile, a town. 

Cappadocia : ditto 

Castanea, a town of Thessaly, Cas-tanea : Dun. 

Catina, a town of Sicily : Dun, a hill, a town. 

Arcadia: ditto 

Catorimagus, a town in Gaul : Magh, a plain, a place. 

Catobrica, a town in Spain : Burgh, a town. 

Catti, a warlike nation of Germany : Gath, a dart ; eath, hatile. 

Caturigidorum, a place on the Alps: Doir, luater. 

Catusiacum, a place in Gaul : Acha, a plain, a place. 

Caunus, a hill in Spain ; Ceann, a head. 

Cebenna now the Cevennes : Beann, a hill. 

Cebrenus, a river giving the] Bran, a mountain stream. It is also 
name of Cebrenia to a coun- > the individual name of several 
try of Troas, Ce-bren-us : J rivers, as of one near Dnnkeld. 

Celetrum, a town in a peninsula : Caol, narrow ; tir, land. 

Cemaneus, a mountain of Gaul : Monadh, a hill. 

Centeum, a promontory of Euboaa : Ceann, a head. 

12 1 2 

Cenehrea? a port of Corinth, Cen-ehrea3 : Cuan, the sea: Cathair, a 

town (i. e. a sea port). 
Celtee, Celtiberi, Celtica, Celtici, Celticum, Celtillns, Celtorii : Gael, 

and Coillteach, which may be from Coille. a wood. 
Censores, officers who numbered the people : Cennn, a head 
Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia : Burg, a town. 
Oentnmviri ; Ceud, a hundred : fir, men. 



f^^ffl^nTmrmrTTTTnTTTTTTTTTrr 



CLASSrCAT, PROPER NAI^fES. Cr. 

Contnria, ft division of tlio Konians into a hnndrpil : Ceuil, a Intndred 

Ceraca, a town of i\lacoclonia • Cntlmir (Ca-liur), a ritij. 

Cerax, a town of lUyria: tlitto 

Ceramium, a place of Kouic : ditto 

Ceramns, a town of Caria : ditto 

Cerasus, a town of Pontus : ditto 

Cerauraia, a town of Acliaia : ditto 

Cerberion, a town of the Cim. Bosphorus : ditto 

Cerbelliaca, a place in Gaul : ditto 

Cercina, a town in Africa ; ditto 

Cercasorum, a town in Egypt: ditto 

Cercininni, a town in Thessaly : ditto 

Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis : ditto 

Cevilla, a town of the Brntii : ditto 

Cerinthus, a town of the Eubcea: ditto 

Ceres, the goddess of fai-ming : Ce, earth ; ar, plough. 

Ceraton, an altar made of horns : Corn, a horn. 

Ceraunia, and Cerannii, and Aeroceraunia, \ 

mountains of Epirus : (_ Garbh, rough; beann 

Ceraunius, a name of Mount Taurus : " (in compos, -annj, a hill. 

Ceraunii, mottntains of Asia : J 

12 1 2 

Cercina, a hill of Thrace, Cer-ein-a: Garbh, rough ; ceann, a head. 
— certa, a termination of some names of towns, as Tigranocerta: 
Cathair, a city. 

Cerymica, a town of Cyprus : Cathair, a city. 

Certima, a town of Celtiberia: ditto 

Certonium, a town of the Lesser Asia: ditto 

Cei-ynea, a town of Achaia : ditto 

Chaeronia, a town of Bceotia : ditto 

Ceryx, a son of Mercury : Corn, a horn. 

Ceus, a son of Terra and Ccelus: Ce, the earth. 

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia, Cha-bin-us : Beann, a hill. 

Chaberis, a town of India, Cha-ber-is: Burg, a town. 

Chabria, a town of Egypt, Cha-bria : ditto 

Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus : Ceann, a headland. 

Chaonia, a mountainous part of Epirus : ditto 

Charadra, a town on a liigh and rugged rock : Garbh, rough ; tovr, a hill. 

Charadros, a river of Phocis : Garbh, rougli; <\o\Y,ivater. 

Charadrus, a place of Argos : Cathair, a tou-n. 

Charah, a town of Palestine : Cathair, a town. 

Charox, a town of Armenia : ditto 

Charisia, a town of Arcadia : ditto 

Charras, a town of Mesopotamia : ditto 

Charis, a goddess : Gradh, affection, ^-c. 

Charites and Gratise, the Graces : ditto 

Charon, a hideous, wrinkled old man : Garbh, rough, savage ; aon, one. 

Cherson, a town in the Chersonesus Taurica (Cathairj. If the 
town gave its name to the peninsula, then we may suppose that 
Chersonesus, from being the name of a particular peninsula, 
became applied to others, as Ch. Cimbrica, Ch. Aurea, and one 
in Egypt : nesos, from Jnnis, an island. 

Cliorsa, a town of Asia : Cathair. 

Chonodamarus, a king of the Alemanni, Chon-odo-mar-us : Ceann, 
2 
head; mor, great. 
Choerete, a place in Etibcea : Cathair. 



60 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Clu'ysondium, a town of Macedonia: Cathair. 
Cibjra, a lown of Plirygia : Burg, a town. 

Pampbylia : ditto 

Ciminus, a mountain of Etruria, Ci-minus : Monadh, a hill. 
CiBgetorix, a prince of Gaul and of Britain: Cinne, a race; rigli. 

a Idng. 
Cinxia, a name of Juno, alluding to girdles: Ceangal, hind. 
Circaeii, a town of Latium: Cathair. 

Circestria, a town of South Britain : ditto 
Circesium, a town of Mesopotamia: ditto 
Cirrteatum, a place near Arpiuum : ditto 
Cirta, a city of Numidia: ditto 

Cistenfe, a town of jEtolia: Dun, a hill, a toivn. 

l.ycia: ditto 

Claudiopolis, a town of Capadocia: Baile, a town. 

Clio, one of the Muses: Cliu,/aTOe. 

Clota and Glota, the Clyde: Cluidh, the Clyde. 

Clusius, a river of Gaul : Caol, narrow ; uisge, loaier. 

Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia: Cnoc, a hill. 

Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia : ditto 

Coele, a pass in Greece: Caol, narrow. 

C'a;la, a place in the Bay of Euba3a : Caolais, straits. 

Ccela, a name for the Euboean Gulf: Caolais, .Uraits; caol, narrow. 

Coelosyria, a valley in Syria: Caol, narrow. 

Coeus, a son of Terra and Coelus : Ce, the earth. 

Cogidunus, a kj^g in Britain : Cog,u-ar; duine, «»i«?i (a warrior.") 

Coeus, a rivei^essenia : Caomh, gentle ; uisge, loater. 

Columba, the symbol of Venus ; Columan, a dove. 

Combrea, a town near Pallene, Com-brea: Burg, a town. 

Comitia : Comh, together ; uidhe, a way. 

Concordia: Covah, together-. cnAhe, a heart. 

Condatomagus, a town in Gaul : Magh, a plain, a place. 

Condate, a town in Gaul, Cond-ate : Aite, a place. 

Conetodunus, a Gaulish leader : Ce&nn, head; duine, maw. 

Coniaci, a people dwelling at the head of the Iberus: Ceann, head. 

Conimbrica, a town near the sea-coast, Con-im-brica : Cuan, the sea ; 

burg, a town. 
Constans, Constantinus, and several compounds: Comh, together; 

fetad, stop. 
Constantinopolis : Comh; stad; baile, a toicn. 
Coraconasus, a town where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus, 
1234 I 

Cor-ac-on-as-us : Cathair, a town ; 

Beag (in compos, -ag), lMle;\^^^^_ beingadouble diminutive. 

Mean (in compos -an), small;) 
4 

Eas, a fall of water. 
Cora, a town of Latium : Cathair. 
Coracesium, a sea-port of Pamphylia : Cathair; beag, -ag, ?////«; uisge 

uis-ge, water. 
Coras, a mountain of i&tolia : Cairn, a heap of .'itones : or garbh, rough, 

high, ivild. 
Corbiene, a town of Media : Cathair, a city. 
Corbilo, a town of Brittany : ditto 

Corduba, now' Cordova : ditto 

Cordyla, a town of Pontus : ditto 



^Tr^mmmrnmrrrf^mTTTTnTt^^ 



CLASSICAL niOPEK NAMES. til 

Corliiiiuiii, a town of the Pt'ligui : Cathair, a viUj. 

Coressus, a hill neai- Ephesus ; Cairn, a mound of atones ; ur Giubli, 

rough ; or Crcag, a rock, a craiif. 
Corinthus, a city of Greece : Cathair, a town. 
Corissus, a town of Ionia : ditto 

Corioli, a town of tlie Volsci : ditto 

Comiasa, a town of Panipliylia : ditto 

Cornacum, a place in Vindelicia : ditto 
c:orrhagiuiii, a town of Macedonia: ditto 
Cornus, a town of Sardinia : ditto 

Corniculuni, a town of Jjatium ; ditto 

Coroue, a town of Mcssenia : ditto 

Coronus, a town of iledia : ditto 

Cortoriacum, a place in Caul : ditto 

Corsia, a town of l{a3otia : ditio 

Corontu, a town of Acarnania : ditto 

Corsote, a town of Mesopotamia : ditto 
Cortona, a town of Etruria : Catbair, a c'Uij. 

Corstopitum, now Morpeth: ditto 

Clorybassa, a town of Jlysia : ditto 

Coryla and Corylcum, towns of I'aphlagonia : ditto 
Corycus, a town of Cilicia : ditto 

Coryphasium, a town of Messeuia : ditto 

Coryna, a town of Ionia: ditto 

Corrodunum, a town of Ehastia: Dun, a hill, a loint, 

Sarmatia: ditto 

Corragos, a fort in Macedonia : Craig, a rock. 

Corsica,-i-the ancients compared Italy to a boot, Sicily to a triangle, 

and Corsica to a heart: Cridhe (pron. Cri), a heart. 
Cornubia, Cornwall; Corn, a horn (from its projecting). 
Coronus, a son of Apollo : Corn, a horn. 
Corns, a river of Arabia : Car, a turn : uisge, water. 
C017CUS, a promontory of Ionia: Garbh, rough, wild (applied to hills). 
Corybantes, who dwelt in mount Ida : ditto 

Corycides, j names connected with 1 y., 

Corycium Antrum, ( mount Parnassus : ) ^ ^ 

— era, — ceria. Some names of towns end iu these : Cathair, 
(pronounced Cahur), a citg. 
Craueum, a town of Greece ; Cathair, a town, 
Cranii, a town of Cephalleuia : ditto 

Cremmyon, a town near Corinth : ditto 
Cremua, a fort in Pisidia : ditto 

Cottus, who had 100 hands: Ceud, a hundred. 
Cragus, mountains iu Lyeia : Creag, a rock, a vraig. 
Crathis, a river of Arcadia : Car, a turn ; uisge, water {a winding river) . 

Lucania : ditto 

Craugife, two islands on the coast of Argolis : Creag, a rock, a craig. 

Creonium, a town of Illyria: Cathair, a citg. 

Cremona, a town of Gaul : ditto 

Creston, a town of Thrace : ditto 

Crimisa, a town in the Brutian territory : ditto 

Critala, a town of Cappadooia : ditto 

Crithote, a town of Thrace : ditto 

Creusa, a port in Bo3otia : Cathair ; uisge, water. 

Crissa, a port in Phocis : ditto 

Crimisus, a river in Sicily: Crom, crooked; uisge, uis-ge, water {a 

winding river ). 
Crocylium, a town of ^Etolia : Cathair, a town. 



68 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Croto, a towu of Italy : Cathair, a town. 

Ci'otoua, a towu of Italy : ditto 

Crunos, a town of Peloponuesus : Cathair, a Lown. 

Crustumerium, a town of the Sabines : ditto 

Crustumium, a town of Italy : ditto 

Crustuminum, a town of Etruria : ditto 

Cronius Mons, a hill of Elis : Garbh, rough. 

Crophi, a hill of Egypt : ditto 

Cromi, a town of Arcadia : Cathair. 

Cromyon, a small place in Corinthta: Cathair-, inean, small. 

Crustunus, a river of Umbria : Car, a turn ; uisge, uis-ge, ivatcr. 

Crypta, a passage through Mount Pausilypus : Crub, hend. 

Cuneus, a part of Lusitania so called from being like a wedge : Geinu, 

a luedgc 
Curio, now Corbridge : Cathaii'. 

Cures, a town of the Sabines : ditto 
Curium, a town of Cyprus : ditto 

Cylbiani, mountains in Phrygia : Coille, a wood ; beanu, a hill. 
Cydonia, a city in Crete : Dun, a Mil, a lown. 
Cynocephalse, Cynocephali, Cynophontis, are partly derived from Cu, 

Conn, a dog. 
Cynthus, a mountain of Delos : Ceann, a head, a hill. 
Cynthius, a name of Apollo : ditto 

Cyretia, a town in Greece : Cathair, a lown. 
Cyrene, a town in Libya : ditto 

Cyrne, a town in Eubrea : ditto 

Cyrrum, a place in Asia : ditto 

Cyrrhus, a town of Syria : ditto • 

a town of Macedonia : ditto 

Cynus, a naval station at Opus . Cuan, the sea. 

CjTopolis: Baile, a town. 

Cytineum, a city of Greece : Dun, a hill, a town. « 

Dadastana, a town of Galatia: Dun, a hill, a lown. 

Daira, one of the Oceanides : Doir, water. 

Dana, a town of Cappadocia: Dua. 

Dandari, a people who dwelt near Mount Caucasus : Daoine, men ; 

torr, a hill. 
Daradus, a river of Africa : Doia-, water. 
Dardanis, a promontory of Troas: Doir, water; dun, a hill. 
Dardanus, a towu of Troas : Dun, a hill, a town. 
Dauuium, a town of Italy: ditto 

Decapolis, a district containing ten cities : Deich, Icn ; bailc, a toivn. 
Decuris, Decumates : Deich, ten. 
Demetria; Dia, Grorf; m&i\\wc, mother. 
Deobriga, a town of the Vectons : Dia; burg, a town. 
Deobricula,atownof the Vectons: Dia; burg; caol (iucompoa. -ol), 

smalL 
Deobriga, a town in Spain : Burg. 
Dessobrica, a town of the Vectons : Burg. 
Dermona, a river of Gaul : Doir, luater; mouadh, a hill. 
, Dercynus, a son of Neptune: Doir, water; cuan, the sea. 
Dertona, a town of Liguria: Dun. 
Deudorix, one of the Cherusci : Eigh, a Icing. 
Dialis, a priest of Jupiter: Dia, God. 
Dianium, a promontory of Spain, so called from a temple of Diana, 

or from Dun, a hill. 
Diauium, a town of Spaiu : Dun. 



..■■mllilllll l mill l ll l l l l l ll l U 



CLASSICAL rilOPER NAMES. 6!) 

f)iasia, a I'estival ill lioiiour ol" Jove: Dia. 2 2 

Dictidienses, ibvellers ou Mount Athos, Dicti-dieii-ses : Dun, a hill. 

2 
Dictynnaeum Promontorium, a promontory of Crete, Dic-tynn-aiuni 
■t 5 <J 2 4 5 <5 

Pro-mon-tor-ium : Uun, <! /(('//; roi, hcjorc; moiiadh, « /liV/; torr, 

a height. 
Diespiter,a name of Jupiter as tlie father of day: Di, a day; utliair 

father. 
Dii : Dia, God. 
nindyraus, a mountain of I'hrygia: Hun, a hill; torr, a height. 

a town of Phrygia : Dun, town. 

Dinia, a town of Gaul: Dun, a hill, a town. 

Dione, a sea-goddess: I>\, a divinity; clman, cuan, </ie «t'(/. 

Dionysopolis, a town of India and of Afoesia: Baile, a town. 

Diopolis, a towi of Armenia : Dia; baile. 

Diospolis, a town of Egypt: ditto 

Dioscurias, a town of Colcliis : Cathair, a town. 

Dipolis, from having two cities : Da, two ; baile. 

Diree, a fountain of Bwotia: Doir, water. 

Dirceuna, a fountain of Spain : ditto 

Dii-phya, a mountain of Bojotia : Torr, a hill. 

Discordia: Da, two; eridhe, a /leor/. 

Divona, a river : Abhuinn, a river. 

Divi, the lesser deities, Di-vi:* Dia, Oorf; hea.g, little. 

Divodurum, now i\Ietz: Doir, ivater. 

Dodona, a town of Epirus : Dun, a hill, a town. 

Doiiuca, a hill of Thrace: Dun, a hill; beag (in compos, -ag), Ittite. 

Dorias, a river of India: Doir, water. 

Dorius, a hill of Asia-Minor : Torr, a hill. 

Doris, a goddess of the sea: Dou', ivater. 

Doriscus, a place in Thrace near the sea : ditto 

Draudacum, a fort near the city of Oeeneus: Torr, a hill. 

Dravus, now the Drave : Doir, loatcr. 

Drinus, a river falling into the Danube : ditto 

Drilo, or Drinius, a river of lUyi-icum : ditto 

Druentius, a river of Gaul : ditto 

Dries, a hill of Arcadia: Torr, a hill. 

Dromus Achillis, a promontory : Druim, the ridge of a hill. 

Druidfe, the Druids: Druidh, a Druid, also a magician, a xorcerer, 

from Doir or Darach, the oak, as in groves of oak they performed 

their religious ceremonies. 
Dryades : Darach ; doir, the oak. 
Drynemetum, a place in Galatia where there was a temple, is derived 

by Prichard (Phys. Hist. Mank. iii. 127), from Doir, the oak, and 

Nemet, a temple. I am inclined to derive it from Doir; naomh, 

holy ; and aite, a place. 
Dui'uomagus, a place in Britain: Magh, a plain, a place. 
Druna, now the Drome : Doir, ivaler, 

Drymea, a town of Phocis on the banks of a river : ditto 
Drymo, a sea-nymph : ditto 

Durius, now the Douro : ditto 

Dyras, a river of Thessaly : ditto 

Duria Major and Minor, branches of the Po : ditto 

* This affix, -vi, seems to be of the same import as the prefix vc-, signi- 
fying little: as ve 'uivesanwi. The prefix was discoverfd by Archdeacon 
Williams ; see the Trans. Key. See. Edinb., 1830, vol. xiii. p. Ci, 



70 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Dunax, a hill of Thrace : Dun, a hill. 

Durobrivae, now Rochester: Boh; ivater; hurg, a town. 

Durolipsus, a place in Britain : Doir, water. 

Durocortora, now Rhiems : ditto 

Durocorium, now Cirencester : ditto 

Dura, a town of IMesopotamia : ditto 

Duvonia, a town of the Samnites : ditto 

Duronum, a place of the Nervii : ditto 

Durocoregum, a town in Gaul : ditto 

Durolitum, now Leyton-. ditto 

Durnovaria, now Dorchester : ditto 

Durocornovium, a place in Britain : ditto 

Durocobrivium, Stony Stratford : ditto 

Durovernum, now Canterbury: ditto 

Durolevum,* now Milton : ditto 

Dunum— and — dunum. Some names of places commence with, 
and some end in dunum. In Gaelic, dun is a hill, and is applied 
to numerous names of towns. The first towns for security were 
built on lieights, and were called dun ; and the word was afterwards 
extended to towns generally, even though they might not happen 
to be situated on eminences. On the word Dunum, see Buchanan, 
Hist. Scotland, 1690, -p. 6S; Falconet, in Memoirs de I'Acad. dcs 
Inscriptions, S^-c, 1753, vol. xx. p. 13 ; and Fenel, in the same vol. 
p. 39; and Prichard, Phys. Hist. Manic, iii, 126. 

Duncaledon, Dunkeld : Dun, a hill, a town. 

Deidunum, Dundee: ditto 

Dunum, a town in South Britain : ditto 

Dunum, now Down : ditto 

Dunelmum, now Durham : ditto 

Dryades, nymphs of the woods: Doir, the oak. 

Dryopis, a country so called from its oaks : ditto 

Dumnorix, a chief of the /Edui: Righ, a king. 

Dura, a fort in Asia : Torr, a hill. 

Durocasses, now Dreux : Doir, water. 

Dyraspes, a river of Scythia : Doir, water. 

Dyrrachium, a city on the Adriatic : ditto 

Dysorus, a mountain containing gold mines : Or, gold. 

Dyris, the name given to Mount Atlas by the neighbouring inhabitants : 
Torr, a hill. 

E — . In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes E, as 

Edon, from Dun. 
Eburo — , Ebro — , Ebor — . Some names of places begin with these. 

Aber, the mouth of a river, and applied to towns. 
Ebrodunum, a town on the Alps: Aber; dun. 
Ebora, a town of Lusitania: Burg, a ioivn, a fort. 
Ebora, a fort in Spain : ditto 

Ebora, now JIuros, near the mouth of the Tambre : Aber, the mouth. 

of a river. 
Ebrolacum, a town in (iaul : Aber; acha, a plain, a place. 
Ebodurum, a place near the Danube: Doir, ivater. 

Ectodurum, • ditto 

Edinodunum. now Edinburgh : Eudann, the face; dun, a hill (a town 

on the face of a hill.) 

* This group of names of places, commencing with Dur-, arc supposed to 
have been situated on rivers or near water. Some of these names I found 
ready collected in Prichard's Phys. Hist. Mank. iii. 118. 



CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 71 

EJon, a mountain of Tliraco : Dun, a hill. 

I'Jdonides, Edones : ditto 

Edylius, a mountain : Tulacli, a hill. 

Elea, or Velia, a city of Lucania. In adoi)ting a Celtic word, the 

Greek and Latin sometimes omit initial li, as Elea (or Velia), 

from Baile, a town. 
EliBUS, a town of Thrace: Baile, a town 
Elaea, the port of Pergumus : ditto 

Elatea, a city of Phocis : ditto 

Elis, a city of Peloponnesus : Baile, « town. 
Elissus, now the Melisso : Aillt, a rirer. 
EmporisD, a town of Spain : Burg, a town. 
Ephyra, a name of Corinth : ditto 

a town of Epirns : ditto 

Elis : ditto 

Epetium, now Viscio: Aite, « jilacc. 
Epidaurus, a sea-port of Argolis: Doir, water. 
Eporedorix, a chief of the ^Edui : Righ, a Icing. 
Erginnus, a ship-master: Air, o)i ; cwan, the sea, 
— essus, a termination of some names of rivers, as Nessus : Uisge, 

nis-ge, water. 
Eteonus, a town of Baotia: llun, a hill, a town. 
— etum,* a termination of some names of places, as Eretum : Aite, 

a place. 
Euboaa, an island famed for its pastures (and cattle) : As;h ; ho, cow. 
Eulaeus, a river of Persia : Aillt, a river. 
Eupolium, a town of Iiocris: Baile, a town. 
Enrotas, a river of Laconia: V\.mih,flow; uisge, uis-ge, water. 

Thessaly: ditto 

Evenus, a river of .Tstolia : Abhuinn, a river (pronounced Aven.) 

F. In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes/. Cel- 
tic h is sometimes changed to Latin /. 

Eabii, Fahia, Fabaria, from Faha: Faob, a bean. 

Fabricius : Obair, work. 

Fal — , Fel — , Ful — , Fla — . Some names of towns so begin : 

BaUe, a town. 
Fer — , For — , Fre — , Fir — . Some names of towns so commence : 
Burg, a town (b changed top; p to ph; ph to/.) 

Faleria, now Falleroni : BaUe, a town. 

Falerii, a city of Etruria: ditto 

Felsina, a city of Gaul : ditto 

Feltria, now Feltre : ditto 

Flano, now Fiarone : ditto 

Flavinium, now Fiano : ditto 

12 I 2 

Fullinum, a small town of Umbria, Full-in-um : Baile, a town; mean 

(in compos. — an "I, small. 
Ferentinum, a town of Etruria : Burg, a town. 

Latium; ditto 

Ferentuni, a town of Apulia : ditto 

Firmuni, a town of Picenum : diito 

Formia;, a town of Latium : ditto 

Foruli, a town of the Sabines : ditto 

* This termination occurs in about forty Latin words, most of which signify 
a place where plants are found, asPinetum, Pahnetum, Kosetum, Myrtetum, 
&c. About three are for other objects, as Saxetum, &c. I am not aware that 
any meaning has been found before for this Latin termination —etum. 



73 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

FregelltR, a town of Latium : Bnrg, a toini. 

Frucino, a town of Campania : ditto 

Frusinum, a town of Latium : ditto 

Fregenaj a town on the sea-coast of Etruria: Burg, a tovn: cuan, 

the sea. 
Feronia, a nymph, from Fero : Beir, carry. 
Flaviobrica, a town in Spain: Burgh, a toim. 
Fortuna : Beir ? hear, produce. 
Fretum, a strait: Frith, a narrow sea orfvrlli or frith, as the Firth of 

Forth, Frith of Clyde, &c. 

Gah.ala. Several towns are so named : Baile, a town. 
Gahanodunum, a town in Norieum : Dun. 
Gahromagus, a place in Norieum : Magh, a jtlain, a place. 
Galatia, a distrtct of Asia Minor, settled by a colony of Gauls, B.C. 

270. In the time of St. Jerome, A.D. 336, that is, six hundred 

years after, they continued to speak the Celtic language : Gael. 
Galesus, a river which flowed through shady groves: Coille, a wood : 

uisge, uis-ge, water. 
Gallia, Gallicus, Gallus, etc. : Gael. 

Gar — , Ger — , Gor — , Gra — , Geir — , Gir — . Some names of towns 

commence with these. C'athah- (pronounced Cahur), a city. 
Garasticum, a town of Africa : Cathair, a city. 

Garama, a town of Africa : ditto 

Garsethyra, a town of Cappadocia : ditto 

Gargettus, a town of Attica : ditto 

Gaurium, a town of Andros : ditto 

Geirha, a town of Egypt : ditto 

Gannascus, a German chief: Ceaun, a head. 
Garatas, a river of Arcadia : Garbh, rough ; uisge, water. 
Gai-ienus, the river Yare : Garbh ; abliuinn, a river. 
Garganum, a mountain of Apulia: Garbh; ceann, a headland. 
Gargarus, a summit of Mount Ida : Garbh. 
Gargyttius, a dog's name : Garbh, rmigh. 
Garumna, now the Garonne : Garbh, rough; a\)\m\\m, a river (Mac- 

jiherson). 
Gaulus, a small island : Caol, small. 
Gaurus, now Monte Barbaro : Garbh, rough. 
Gehenna, now the Cevennes: Beann, a hill. 
Geminiacum, a place in Gaul : Acha, a place. 
Gerisa, a town of Africa : Cathair, a city. 

Gerara, a town of Arabia : ditto 

Gerasa, a town of Asia : ditto 

Gergis, a town of Asia : ditto 

Geronthra;, a town of Laconia : ditto 
Gergithum, a town of ^tolia : ditto 

Gergovia, a town of Gaul : ditto 

Gerastus, a town of Boeotia: ditto 

Geruns, a town of lUyria : ditto 

Gerra, a town of Arabia : ditto 

Syria : ditto 

Gersestus, a port in Eubffia : Cathair ; uisge, water. 
Geresticus, a harbour in Ionia: ditto 

Gerunos, a fort in Macedonia: Garbh, roagli, dificnlt. 
Gerrhus, a river of Scythia : Garbh ; uisge, uis-ge, iraler. 
Geranus, a village near Pylos : Cathair. 
Gesodunum, a town of Rhsetia : Dun. 
Geranium, a town of Italv: Cathair. 



CLASSICAL PKOPETI NAi\[ES. 7:1 

irgis, a town of Africa : Cfttliair. 
Inucue, ix spa deity: \ 

a i'i\ci' of Aelinia : I ( ilas, grri/ ; du-glilas is ilark-ijrri/, uml 

I'ontus: L was the iiameol'a rivur in Si'oihind 

I,ycia : f which gave its iiaiiie to tlie ianiilii 



Olaucus Sinus, a gulf of L) cia : I of Douglas. 

Cilissas, a river of Jioeotia : 

(ilota, a river of Scotland : Cluidh, the Clyde. 

Gordiaei, mountains in Armenia: Garbb, rough, irlld; ai\\,a inoiinlahi. 

Gordium, a city of Galatia : Cathair, a city. 

Gorge, a city of Asia: ditto 

Gortyna, a city of Crete : ditto 

^^ Arcadia : ditto 

Gradiaci, a city of Noricuiu : ditto 

Gorgon: Garbb, jo«;7/i; e uan '' ' * 9 . 

— gra. Some names of towns so end, as Agra : Cathair, a town. 
Gorneas, a fort in Armenia: Cathair. 
GrsenB, monsters: Garbh, rovgh, irild. 
AlpesGraiffi: Alp; garbh. 

Granicus, a river of Mysia: Garbh; abhuinn, </ river. 
Gration, a giant : Crarbli ; aon, one. 
Graviscas,,.* sea-port of Etruria: Cathair; nisge, iratrr. 
Grati.'e, tliree goddesses: Gradh, love, affection. 
Gratianopolis : G radii; Baile, a /o/ck. 

Garbh, rouqh ; beann, a hill ; monadh, a movntain : 
12 3 4 5 G 

Gra-m-pii Mon-t-es ; 
Gra, from Garbh ; 



Grampii Blontes, 
mountains of 
Scotland, now 
the Grampians. 



m, eu])honicv gratia, before p ; 
3 
])u,from Beann; 

mo a, from Monadh ; 

5 

t, euphonic gratia, after n; 



es, a plural termination not derived from the 
Gaelic. 

Grumentum, a town of Lueania : Cathair, a town. 
Gryneum, a town of ./Eolis: ditto 

(lyrton, a town of Greece ; ditto 

GryiiEeus, a name of Apollo : Grian, tlie sun. 

Haemonia, the mountainous country afterwards called Tliessaly: 

Monadh, a hill. 
Hadrianopolis, a town of Thrace : Baile, a toivn. 
Hadrumetum, a town in Africa : Doir, water; aite, a place. 
Halesus, a river of Asia Minor, Hal-esus : Uisge, ivater. 
Halys, a river of Asia Minor : Aillt, a mountain'^ stream. 
Hebromagus, a town in Gaul : iMagh, a plain, a jdacr. 
Hecatombosus, Hecatomboia: Ceud, a hundred: 1)0, a coir. 
Hecatompolis : Ceud; haHe, a town. 
Hecatonnesi : Ceud ; innis, an island. 
Helicon, a river of Macedonia: Aillt, a river. 

Sicily : ditto 

Helisson, a river of Arcadia : ditto 

Helorus, a river of Sicily : ditto 

Hera?um, a fort near Bysantim : Ard, high. 



74 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Hersei Montes, in Sicily: Ard, Idgh. 

Herdonia, a town of Apulia: Dun, a hill, a toivn. 

Hermes, or Mercury, from eiro, speak : Radh, speech, 

Hermonaeum, a place in Gaul : Aclia. 

Hermopolis: Baile, a to-wn. 

Hesperia, Hesperides, Hesperis, Hesperus^ all from Hesper or Vesper, 

the setting sun : Feasgar, evening. 
Hesperitis, a country of Africa: Feasgar; aite, a place. 
Hesperium Cornu, a promontory on the west coast of Africa : Feasgar ; 

corn, a horn. 
Hesperius Sinus, a bay on the west coast of Africa: Feasgar; sin, 

extend. 
Hispalis, a town of Spain, His-palis: Baile? a town. 
Homole, a mountain of Thessaly : Maol. 
Homonada, a fort in the hills of Cilicia : Monadli, a hill. 
Hortona, a town of Italy: Dun, u hill, a toim. 
Hyampolis, a town of Phoois: Baile, a town. 
Hyccaron, a town of Sicily : Cathair, a city. 
Hydra, a water-monster : Doir, icater, 
Hydroates, a river of India : ditto 
Hj'drophoria, a festival : Doir; heir, can-^. 
Hydrus, a port of Calabria : Doir, water. 

Hyrcanum Mare, part of the Caspian Sea, Hyr-canuni : Cuan, the sea. 
Hyspa, a river of Sicily : Uisge, water. 
Hyssus, a river of Cappadocia : Uisge, water. 

2 3 2 

Herminius Mens, a mountain of Spain, H-er-min-ius : Ard, Irigh ; 
monadh, a mountain 

lacchus, a name of Bacchus, from iachein : Eigh, a shout. 

— iacum. Some names of towns end in — iauum : Acha, a plain, 

a place. Many places, villages, parishes and farms in Scotland 

have their names beginning with ach — , and audi — . 
laxartes, a large river of Asia: Uisge, water ; nior (in compos, -or), 

great. 
Iberus, a river of Spain, whence Iberi, and Iberia : Aber and inbliir, 

the mouth of a river. 
Idalia, a heigh in Cyprus, I-dalia : Tula, a hill. 
Idunum, a town of Rhoetia: Dun, a hill, a town. 
Illiberis, a town of Gaul: Burg, a town. 
Imbarus, part of Mount Taurus : Bar, a height. 
Interamna, four towns so named from being situated between rivers : 

Eadar, between ; abhuinn, a river. 
Interres : Eadar, betwixt ; righ, a Icing. 
Iris, from eiro : Radh, speech. 
Irus, a mountain of Italy : Ard, a height. 
Is — . Some names of rivers begin with, and some end in Is : Uisge, 

uis-ge, water. 
Is, a river of Italy: Uisge, water (Williams). 

Is, a river of Babylonia : ditto 

Isapis, a river of Umbria : ditto 

Isargus, now the Iser: ditto 

Isca, the river Ex in Devonshire : ditto 

Isca, or Oska, tlie Usk in Monmouthshire : ditro '' 

Isaurus, a river of Umbria : Uisge, uis-ge; -mov, great. 
Isar, a river of Gaul : ditto 

Isar, now the Oise : ditto 



CLASSICAL TEOPEll NAMES. 75 

— issus, a lornunation of some names of rivers, as llissus : Uisge. 

Ister, now the Danube: Uisj^e. 

Isjuenus, a river of Boeotia : dillo 

Istria, a jioninsula: Uisge, water ; tir, html. 

Itabyrius, a niountiiiu of Galilee: Bar, a height. 

Ualin, so called from abounding in cattle* : Eudail, cattle. 

Ithome, a hill of IMessenia: Tom, a hill. 

Juliodunum, a town of Gaul: Dun, a ionn. 
Juliobrica, a town of Cantabria : Burg, a toirn. 
Juliomagus, a town of Gaul : Magh, a place. 
Juliopolis, a town of Galatia: Baile, a toun. 

Labdalon. a lull near Syracuse, Lab-dal-ou : Tula, a hill. 

Lacmon, part of Mount Tiudus : ^louadli, a hill. 

Lacobriga, two towns of Spain: Burg, a toun. 

Lamalmon, a hill of -l^thiopia : jMonadh, a hill. 

Tjiincobrica, a town in Lusitauia : Burg, a tuwn. 

Ijalopolis, a town in Egypt: Baile, a town. 

Lntium, Ijatiori, Latinius, Latialis, Latinus, from Lalco : Luidli, lie. 

Latuinnon, name of a hill ; Torr, a hill. 

Laurcta, a port of Italy : Aite, a place. 

Laureacum, a town of Noricum : Acha, u plain, a place. 

Leontini, a town of Sicily: Dun. 

Lepinus, a hill of Italy: Beann, o liill. 

Alpes LepontiuiB : Alp, high ; beann, a hill. 

Libanus, a mountain in Syria, Li-banus : Beann, a hill. 

Licidomagus, a town in Gaul : Magh. 

Liburnus, mountains in Apulia, Li-bur-nus : Bar, a hcitjhl. 

Ligures : Luchd, people; muir, the sea. 

Ligusticum Mare, now the Gulf of Genoa : Loch, a lake or loch. 

Limuorea, a sea-deity : Linne, a lake, linn, gulf. 

Limniace, the daughter of the Ganges : ditto 

Limmea, a name of Diana: ditto 

Liquentia, a river of Gaul, Liq-uent-ia : Abhuinu, a river. 

Lithobolia: Lin, a .itone ; himill, throw. 

Londinum, now London: Linne, a pool, lake, gulf; dun, a lull, a town. 

232 3 

Longuntica, a maritime city of Spain, Lon-gunt-ica : Cuan, sea; acha, 

a place. 
Lucaria or Luceria,+ from lucus : Leus, light. 
Luceria, a city of Apulia, Lu-ceria : Cathair, a city. 
Lucina, a goddess so named from lu.v: Leus, light. 
Lugdunum, four towns so named: Dun, « hill, a town. 
Lugidunum, a town in Germany : ditto 

Luna : Luan the moon. 
Lupodunum, a town iu Germany : Dun. 
Lutetia, a town of Gaul : Aite, a place. 

Lychnidus, a town on the shore of the Lychnitis Palus : Loch, a lake. 
Lycone, a mountain of Argolis: Ceann, a headland. 
Lycopolis, a town of Egypt : Baile, a town. 

* Aulus Gellius. xi. 1. 
t This form of Lucaria is a proof that the Latin c is hard before the 
vowels e and i ; of which there are many etymological proofs in GaeUc 
words, where c is always hard. From the latter are derived Latin words 
befrining -^dth Ce — , which in the corriipt modem pronounoiation, are 
sounded as if e were soft, as Cenjeum, a promontory, from the Gaelic 
Ceann (pronounced Ken), a headland. 



78 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Lycorea, a town on Parnassus : Cathair, a town. 
Le— , this souulI is a component in some names, as Lepintcs, Lihanus, 
Libicrnus, Lycone, Lycorea : lias it any meaning in the Celtic? 

Msenalus, a momitain of Arcadia: Monadh, « hill. 

,, , , ^ X 1 fMaol, a promoidory ; in 

Malea, a promontory of Lesbos ■- I Scottish, Midi, as Mull 

the Peloponnesus :\^^ ^,^,^^.;^_ 

M alea, a city of Phthiotis : Baile, a town. 

Malia, a city of Tliessaly : ditto 

— magus. Some names of places end in — magus: Magh, a plain, 

a place. 
Mai — , Mel — , Mil — , Myl — . Some names of towns so begin, from 

Baile, a town. 
Mallos, a town of Cilicia: Baile. 
Mantinea, a city at the foot of Mount Artemisius : Monadh, a hill; 

Dun. 
Mars, the Pioman god of war, perhaps from Ares : Ar, battle. 
Mar — , Mur — , some names of towns so begin : Burg, a toivn. 
Mar — , Mui- — , Mer — , Mor — , Mir — , Myre — . Some names of towns 

so begin : Burg, a town. 
Marcianopolis : Baile, a town. 
Marcodm-um, a place in Gaul : Doir, icater. 
Marcomagus, a place in Gaul : Magh, a plain. 
Mare Mortuum, a lake in Judea : Muir, sea ; mort, hill, dead. 
Mareotis, a lake in Egj'pt : Muir, sea. 
Alpes Maritime : Alp, high ; muir, sea. 
Mariaba, two cities in Arabia, Mar-iaba- Burg? a town. 
Marisus, a river of Dacia : Mor, great ; uisge, tvaler. 
Maridunum, now Carmarthen: Muir; dun. 
Margidunum, a town in Britain : Dun. 

jNIarmarica, a country on the shore of the Mediterranean : Muir, Ihe sea. 
Marmaridag: Muir. 

Maronea, a town on the Thracian sea-coast : Muir, the sea. 
Man'ucini, a people of Italy, on the coast : ditto 

Marruvium, a town of the Marsi, on the coast : ditto 
Marpessus, a mountain in Paros, Mar-pessus : Bar, a height, 
Marus, a river of Germany : Mor ; uisge. 
Matinum, a city of Messapia : Dun. 
Mattiacum, a place in Germany : Acha, a place. 
Matralia, Matronalia : Mathair, a mother. 
Mauritania, a country on the shore of the Mediterranean : Muir, 

the sea. 
j\Iauri, Maurii, a people of Africa : Muir, the sea. 
Mederiacum, a jjlace in Gaul : Acha, a place. 
Mediterraneum Mare: Meadhon, middle; tir, land; muir, sea. 
Megalopolis, a city of Arcadia : BaUe, a town. 
Megara, a town of Greece, Me-gara: Cathair, a town. 
Melcena;, a village of Attica: Baile; mean (in compos. — an), small. 
Meldas, now Meaux: Baile, a town. 

Meliboea, a town of Thessaly : ditto 

a city of Thessaly : ditto 

Melitere, a city in Asia : ditto 

Merobrica, a town of Lusitania : Burg, a town. 

Mesembria, a town of Thrace : ditto 

Meros, a mountain of India: Mor, great. 

Minariacum, a place in Gaul: Acha. 

Minuodunum, a town of the Helvetii : Monadh ; dun. 



CLASSICAL PKurKU NAMES. 77 

Jlirobriga, two towns in Spain : Burg, a town ; niuiv, the sea. 

Moenalus, a hill of Arcadia: Monadh, /iiVi; caol, «maW; or coille, it'ooi. 

JloDi'is, a lake of Egypt: Mnir, tlie sea. 

Moguntiacum, now Meiitz : Aclia. 

Mons Sacer, ]\[ontiuins : iMnmulli, <( ;,///. 

Morgantuim : a town of Sk-ily : lUn-;,', u tuu-n. 

Jlorimoviisa, " a name givon by the Cinilni to the Nurllicrn Ocean, 

and which means the IJcad Sea :" JMuir, sea : mort, dead. 
^[orini, a people on the coast of Gaul : j\luir, tlic sea. 
Moritasgus, a Gaulish king: Blaor, one in anthority. 
I\Iors: Mort, AW/. 

Murgantia, a town of Sunniium : lUug, '( Imcii. 
Mursa, a town of Pannonia : ditto 

Mutina, a towu of Gaul : Dun. 
Myenus, a mountain of /Etolia: Monadh. 
Mylaj, a town of Sicily: Bails, a loirii. 
IMyonesus, an island near Thessaly : Innis, an island. 
I\Iyra, a city on the Ijycian coast: Bluir, sea. 

Myrina, three sea-ooast towns so named : ditto 
Myrtuntum, alakc of Acarnauia: ditto 

t .5 t > 

Myrtoum Mare, pai'tof the ..Egeau Sea : Myr-toum Mare; muir; luuir. 

Nasos or Nesos, an insular town in Acarnania : Inuis, an island. 

Natiso, a river of Gaul, Nat-iso: Uisge, tvaler. 

Nauplia, a town of Argolis, Nau-plia: Baile, a town. 

Nftuportus, a town of Pannonia: Nua, new; port, a harbour. 

Nea Insula: Nua ; innis, an island. 

Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, Ne-brodes: Bar, a height. 

Nemus, a grove : Naomh, hoi// (Prichard.) 

I 2 ,3 I 2 

Nemetacum, a town in Gaiil, Nem-et-acha : Naomh, hol>/; aite, a place; 

acha, a plain, a place. 
Nemetobrigia, a town in Lusitania: Bni'g, a town. 
Nemoralia, from nemus : Naomh, holi/. 
Neopolis: Nua; baile, a town. 

Neptunus, the god of the sea, Nep-tuuus : Toun ? « wave. 
Neritum, a town of Calabria : Aite, a place. 
Nertobriga, two towns in Spain: Burg, a town. 
Nicopolis, several cities of this name: Baile, a town. 
Noeoraagus, three towns in G aul : Nua ; magh. 
Noviomagus, a town in Britain : ditto 

Novioburgum : Nua, new ; burg, a town. 
Noviodunum, a towu in Gaul : Nua; dun, a hill, aud applied to towns 

as Dunediu the Gaelic name of Edinburgh. 
Noctiluca, a name of Diana : Nochd, jiight ; leus, light. 
Novidunum, a town in Gaul : Nua; dun. 
Noviodunum, a towu in Britain: ditto 
Novaria, a town in Gaul : Nua, new; bui'g, a town. 
Nox : Nochd, night. 

Nuceria, several towns of this name: Nua; cathair, a town. 
Numa, a king of Rome : Naomh, holy. 
Nundiua, a goddess: Naoi, itine; di, a day, 
Nymph8e, female deities: Naomh, holy. 
Nympheeum, fromNymphEe: Naomh, 
Nymphaeus, ditto 

Nymphidlus, ditto 



78 CELTIC OEIGIN OF 

Oases, a river of Crete : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 

Oarus, a river of Sarraatia: 'R.m^h, jloiv. 

Oceanus, Oceanides : Aigionn, the deep. 

Octavia, Octavius, Octavianus : Oclicl, eiglit. 

Octodurus, a town in Gaul : Torr, a hill. 

ffibalia, a name of Tarentum: Baile, a town. 

ffinus, a river of Laconia: Abliuinn, a river. 

(Eta, a mountain of Thessaly : At, a prominence. 

CEnussas, two islands in the Aegean sea: Innis, an island. 

CEnussiE, two islands oif the coast of Messenia : Innis, an island. 

Ogyes, son of Terra: Oglia,a grandchild; ce, the earth. 

Olina, a river of Gaul : Aillt, a river. 

Oltis, a river of Gaul : Aillt, a river. 

Olmius, a river of Boeotia : Aillt, a river. 

On — , some names of rivers begin with, and others end in — on : 

Abhuiun, a river. 
Onchestus, a son of Neptune : Abhuinn, a river. 

a river of Thessaly : ditto 

Onochonus, a river of Thessaly : ditto 

Ops, from Opus, operis: Obair, worl;. 

Oraculum: li&dh, speech. 

Ormedon, a lofty mountain''in Cos, Or-me-don : Ard, high ; dun, a hill. 

Orbelus, a hill of Thrace : " Ord, a hill. 

Orchalis, a hill of Boeotia: ditto 

Ordovices, a people of Britain : ditto 

Oreades, nymphs of the mountains : ditto 

Orgetorix, a Helvetian chief: Eigh, a Icing. 

Orgia: Fe&rg, passion. 

Oriens : Ear, the east. 

Orion, a giant : Ard, higli ; aon, one. 

Orontes, a hill of Media : Ord, « hill ; ard, high. 

Ormedon, a mountain in Cos: ditto 

Ormedon, a giant : ^ ditto 

Orospeda ilons, a mountain intjpain : ditto 

Orontes, a river of Syria: Ruith, flow. 

Osa, a river of Italy. Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 

Oscius, a river of Thrace : ditto 

Osismii, a people of Gaul, on the coast : ditto 

Oxus, a river of Bactriana: ditto 

Oxydracffi, a peojolc of India, living at the confluence of two rivers ; 

Uisge, and doir, water. 
Oxydrynchus, a city of Egypt, situated near a canal : Uisge, and 

Doir, water. 

P. Celtic h is sometimes changed to Latin ;;. 

Padus, a liver of Italy, I'adus : Uisge, water. 

Padusa, a river of Italy, Pad-usa: Uisge, water. 

Pal—, Pel—, Phal— , Phil—, Phyl— , Pla— , Pol, Pyl— , some names 

of town begin with these : Baile, a town. 
Palacium, a town of Thrace: Baile; beag (in comp. -ag), small. 
Palse, a town of Corsica : Baile. 
Palese, a town of Cyprus : ditto 

Cephalleuia: ditto 

Palajste, a harbour of Epirus : Baile; uisge, icater. 

Palantium a town of Arcadia; Baile, a town. 

Palatium, a village on the Palatine hill where Eome was afterwards 

bixilt: Baile, a town. 
I'alatia. a town in Spain: Baile, a town. 






CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 79 

Pallas, a godiless, so named from pallein ; Buaill, strike. 

Palliiiiium, from Pallas : ditto 

Palladius, from Pallas: ditto 

Pallanteum, a town of Italy : linile, a town. 

Pallanteum, a town of Arcadia; ditto 

Palumbinum, a town of Samuium ; ditto 

Palma, a town of iMajorca : ditto 

Pallene, a town of Attica: ditto 

Palmyra, a town of Asia: ditto 

Panachaiacus, a hill of Arcadia, so called from pan, or from Boann, 

a hill. 
Pan, the god of shepherds, &c. : Bo, a cow. 
Pangreus, mountains in Thrace: Beann, a hill. 
Panium, a mountain of Syi-ia: ditto 

Pauopolis, a city in Egypt: Baile. 
Par, — Per — , Pliar — , I'hor — , I'hri — , Pra — , Pri — , Pro — , Pru — , 

Pyr — , Peri—, Pharg — . Some names of towns begin with these : 

Burg, a town. 
Pavadisiis, a town of Syria: Burg, a town. 
Parretaca, a town of Persia : ditto 

Partetonium, a fort in Egypt: Burg; dun, a 7u7/. 
Parisii, now Paris: Burg, a town. 

Parium, a town of Asia : ditto 

Parma, a town of Itnly: ditto 

Paroreia, a town of Thrace: ditto 

Peloponnesus: ditto 

Parrhasia. a town of Arcadia : ditto 

Parnassus, a mountain in Greece : Bar, a height. 

Parnes, a mountain in Attica : ditto 

Parthenius, a mountain in Peloponnesus : ditto 

Parthenium, a town of Mysia. 

Pedemontium, at the foot of the Alps; Pes, pous, from Cos, afoot; 

monadh, a hill. 
Pelion, a mountain of Thessaly, perhaps with a rounded summit : 

Ball, a round object. 
Pelinna, a town of Macedonia: Baile, a town. 

Pelium, ditto 

Pella, ditto 

Pellane, a town of Laconia : ditto 

Pellinasum, a town of Greece: ditto 

Pellene, a town of Achaia : ditto 

Peltse, a town of Phrygia : ditto 

Pelusium, a town of Egypt: Baile; uisge, ivater. 
Pendalium, a promontory of Cyprus : Beann, a hill. 
Pentapolis: Baile, a town. 
Penniuae Alpes : Beann, a hill. 

Penninus, a diety of the Alps : ditto 
Pentelicus a mountain of Attaca : ditto 
Percote, a town of the Hellespont: Burg, a toiun, 
Perga, a town of Pamphylia : ditto 

Pergama, the citadel of Troy, and thence applied to Troy itself; 
" Pergama omnia loca editiora olim appellabantur; Burg, a fortress, 
Pergamus, a town of Mysia : Burg, a town. 
Perinthus, a town of Thrace : ditto 

Peripolium, a town of Locris : ditto 

Peritonium, a town of Egypt : ditto 

Pererene, a place of Phrygia : ditto 

Perranthes, a hill of Epirus : Bar, a height. 



80 CELTIC OHK.tIX OF 

Perseijolis. acity of Persia: Baile, a town. 

Perusia, au Etrurian city on a lake : Burg ; uisge, water. 

Petra, the name of several fortresses: Torr? a hill, a mound. 

Phalaesia, a town of Arcadia : Baile, a town. 

Phalanna, a town of Perrhoebia : ditto 

Phalaerine, a town of the Sabines: ditto 

Phalanthus, a town of Arcadia: ditto 

Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly : ditto 

Phalerum, a port of Athens : ditto 

Pharangium, a fort of Persia: Barg, a fort. 

Phara, a town of Africa : Burg, a town. 

Phai-es, a town of Peloponaesus: ditto 

Pharae, a town of Bceotia : ditto 

a town of Achaia : ditto 

a town of Crete : ditto 

Pharis, a town of I^aconia: ditto 

Pharnucia, a town of Pontus: ditto 

Pharsalus, a town of Thessaly : ditto 
Pharyge, a town of Locris : ditto 

Pherffi, a town of Attica: Burg. 

a town of Thessaly : ditto 

Pherinum, a town of Thessaly; ditto 

Phila, a town of Macedonia: Baile, a town. 
Philaee, three towns so named : ditto 

Philoe, a town of Egypt; ditto 

Phileros, a town of Macedonia ; ditto 

Philene, a town of Attica : ditto 

Philleius, a town of Macedonia : ditto 

Phillos, a town of Thessaly : ditto 

Philomelum, a town of Phrygia : ditto 

Philonus, a town of Egypt : ditto 

:Phlius, a town of Greece : ditto 

Phylace, a town of Macedonia : ditto 

: Epirus; ditto 

Thessaly: ditto 

Phyle, a place in Attica : ditto 

Phrycium, a town in Grreece : Burg. 
Phrisa, a town in Elis : Burg. 
Pilumnus, the god of bakers: Ball, a round object. 
Pierus, a hill of Thessaly : Bar, a height. 
Pieris, a mountain of Macedonia: Bar, a height. 
Pierus, a mountain of Thessaly : ditto 

Pindasus, a hill of Troas : Beann, a hill. 
Pindus, a hill of Thessaly: ditto 
Pindenissus, a town on a mountain ; Beann; dun 
Placentia, a city of Gaul : Baile, a toirn. 
Plataeae, a city of Bceotia : ditto 

Platine, a city of Palestine : ditto 
Pleuron, a city of zEtolia : ditto 

Plemmyrium, a promontory of Sicily : Muir, sea: 
Plotinopolis, a city of Thrace : Baile. 
Polichua, a town of Troas : Baile, a town. 

a town of Crete : ditto 

Polisma, a town of Troas ; ditto 

Polemonium, a town of Pontus : ditto 
Polias, a name of Minerva : ditto 

Pollentia, a town of Liguria : ditto 
Politorinm, a town of Italy : ditto 



CLASSll.AI. PROPEK NAMES. «1 

PoUupex, a town of Genoa : Baile. 

Polusca, a town of Ijatium: ditto 

Pompelo, a town of Spain : ditto 

— polis. Some names of towns end in — polis: Bailc, a <OM;n. 

Portumnus, a sea-deity : Port, a harbour. 

Poi-tumnalia; ditto 

I'raetium, a town in Asia : Burg, a luivn. 

Prseueste, a town in Latium : ditto 

Prtetor, from prrc and itor : Eoi, 6c/o)-e; uidbe, a ivcnj. 

Prastiitium, a town of Picenum: Burg, a town. 

Privernum, a town of Latium : ditto 

Proerna, a town of Phtliiotis : ditto 

Proschiuni, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 

Procyon : 'Ro'i, bcfure ; cu; conn, « (/017. 

Propoutis, now tlie sea of JMarmora: Eoi, before; euan, tea. 

Prnsa, a town of Bitliynia : Burg. 

Pnltobria, a town of Thrace: ditto 

Pygman, a supposed nation of dwarfs : Beag, small. 

Pylene, a town of .Etolia: Baile, a town. 

Pylleon, a town of Thessalv : Baile, a town. 

Pylre, a town of Asia: ditto 

Pylos, four towns so named : ditto 

Pylos, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 

Pyrreum, a hill of Media : Bar, a height. 

Pyra, part of Mount (Eta : ditto 

PjTenffii, the Pyrenees: ditto 

Pyrrhus, so named from his hair being the colour of fire : Brath,./iVf. 

Pyrgi, a town of Elis : Burg, a town, a fort. 

Pyrgus, a town of Triphylia : ditto 

Pyrgi, a town of Etruria ; ditto 

Pyrgis, a fort in Elis : ditto 

Pyrrha, a town in Eubasa: ditto 

a town in Lesbos : ditto 

Pyrrhicus, a town of Laconia : ditto 

Pyrassus, a town of Thessaly : ditto 

Pyreum, a fire-temple : Brath,./;)-?. 

Pyacmon: ditto 

Pyrodes, son of Alix, who discovered how to strike fire from flints : 

Brath,.^^. 
Pyrene, a promontory : Bar, a height. 

Pyrene, " a town of the Celts " (Herod, i. 248) : Burg, a town. 
Pyramides : Bar, a height. 
Ped — . There are some names of places beginning with tills sound, 

which is perhaps allied to the word Pit — , which occurs in some 

names of places in Scotland, as Pitlochrie, Pitsligo, &c. 
Pedum, a town of Latium : ) Pit, a hollow (and occuring in many 
Petilia, a town of Italy : f names of places.) 

Pitane, a town of Asia-Minor : ditto 

Potidsea, a town of Macedonia : ditto 

Potnias, a town of Bosotia : ditto 

Puteoli, a town of Campania : ditto 

Puticulae, a place at Eome : ditto 

Pityus, a town of Colchis : ditto 

Pylce, a general name among the Greeks for any narrow pass: Bealacb, 

a pass; caol, narrow. 
Pyrensei Montes: Bar, a height ; monadh, a hill. 
Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, who gave out the oracles : Faidh, 

a prophet. 



82 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Qu. Celtic c is sometimes changed to Latin qu. 
Quadratus : Ceathar, four. 
Quadrifrons: Ceathar,/oM)-; heir, carry. 
Querquetulanus, a name of Mount Coelius, from its oaks, 

querque-tal-anus : Tula, a hill. 
Quinctius: Cuig,^i'e. 

Quindecemviri : Cnig, five; deag,ie)i; fir, m«7i. 
Quintolianus, Quinctius, Quinteilus : Cuig,^ye. 
Quirinalis, Quirinalia, Quirinus, from Cures : Cathair, a town. 
Quirites from Cures : Cathair, a toivn, 

Eegiodunum, a town of Gaul ; righ, a king ; dun, a hill, a town, 

Eha, a river of Europe: Kuith,j^oi(!. 

Ehatomagus, a town in Gaul: Magh, a plain, aplace. 

Ehios, the local name of the strait between Naupactus and Patrae : 
Unith, flow. 

Rhodunia, the top of Mount (Eta: Dun, a hill. 

Rhobodunum, a town in Germany : Dun, a hill, a town. 

Rigodunum, a town in Britain : ditto 

— ris, some names of Gaulish chiefs end in — rix : Righ, a king. 

Eutuba, a river of Latium : Ruith,^oit'. 

Rhesus, name of a river : B.mih,flow; uisge, water. 

Rhodanus, a river of Europe: Umthjfloiv. 

Ehenus, a river of Germany : Bran is the name of many rivers in the 
Highlands of Scotland, of one near Dunkeld. A.lso Bran (obso- 
lete), a mountain torrent. 

Eutilus, Rutilius, Rutuli : Ruadh, red. 

Sacrovir, a Gaulish chief, Sacro-vir : Fear, a man. 
Sala, a river of Germany, yielding salt : Sal, salt. 

Salamis, a daughter of the river Asopus : ditto 

Salamis, an island : (so named from the above) ditto 

, a city : ditto ditto 

Salana: Sal,'salt. 

Salernum, a city of Campania, near the sea: Sal, salt. 

Salo, a river in Spain : Sal, salt. 

Saloniacum, a place in Gaul : Sal, salt; acha, a plain, a place. 

Samarobriva, a town in Gaul : Burg, a toivn. 

Savo, Scultenna, names of rivers, Scult-enna: Amhuin, a river, 

( Williams.) 
Sgordus, mountains in Illyriaj Sgorr, o rock. 

Sciressa, a hill in Ai-cadia: ditto 

Sciradium, a promontory in Attica : ditto 

Sciron, a robber in Attica, who threw his victims over rocks: ditto 
Scombrus, a mountain in Thrace : Bar, a height. 
Scultenna, a river in Gaul: Abhuinn, a river. 
Scyros, an island celebrated for its marble : Sgorr, a rock. 
Scyrum, name of a city, S-cyr-um : Cathair. 
Segodunum, a town in Gaul : Dun, a hill, a town. 

, a town in Britain : ditto 

, a town in Germany : ditto 

Sedunum, a town in the Alps: ditto 

Sebendunum, a town in Spain: ditto 

Segobriga, a city of Spain : Burg, a town. 
Selemnus, a river of Achaia: Sal? salt ; abhuinn, a river. 
Selleis, a river of Elis : Sal ; uisge, water. 
Selymbria, a town of Thrace : Burg, a town. 



CLASSICAL PKOrEll NAMES. 83 

Senatus : Seau, old. 

Serabriea, a town in Spain : Hurg, <i /own. 

Scquana, a river of Gaul; Suinili, Inmquil : abhuiuii, n river, {Mac- 

plierson.) * 
Sermanicomagus, a town in Gaul : JLigli, a plain, a place. 
Servioduuum, a town in South Britain : Dun, « hill, a luwn. 
Sextua, Sestilus : So, s/.r; seatliamh, . ■.•/.!•;/(.• 
Singindunum, a town in Sarmatia : Dun, « hill, a loicii. 
Sipjlum, a city of Lydia, Si-pyl-um : Baile, a town. 
Sipylus, a mountain of Lydia, Si-pyl-us : Ball, a round object. 
Sirenes, sea-nymphs : Suire, « sea-nymph ; suire, from sith and muir, 

a fairy of the sea. 
SireuusTO, the islands of the Sirens: Suire ; innis, an island. 
Sciritis, a steep pass in Greece: Sgorr, a rock. 
Scoti: Scuit, a u-andcriny nation. Hence perhaps the name of the 

Scots. As a Scotchman, 1 may be permitted to say that the 

epithet wandering, or to be met witli everywhere, applies as much 

now, as it ever did. 
Sol, Solis, So-lis: Leus, lighl. 
Solreis, a promontory of Africa : Sal, salt. 
Sorbioduuum, now Salisbury; Dun. 
Spoletium, a town of Umbria : Aite ? a place. 
Stagira, a town of Macedonia : Cathair, a town. 
Strymon, a river of Thiace : Sruth, y?o(r ; abhuiuu, a river. 
Suindunum, a town of Gaul : Dun. 
Suismontium, a hill in Liguria : Monadh, a hill. 
Suuium, a promontory of Attica: Sin, extend. 
Suovetaurilia: Tarhh, a hull. 
Sui'rentum, a town of Campania : Suire, a siren. 
Sycurium, a town of Greece : Cathair, a town. 
Syrinx, a nj'mph of Arcadia : Suire, a sea-nymph. 

Tabor, a mountain of Galilee: Tagh, choice; bar, a height. 
Taburnus, a mountain in Samnium : ditto 

Tahraca, a town in Numidia : Burg, a town. 
Talahrica, now Talavera : ditto 

Tader, a river of Spain : Doir, icaier. 
Ttenarus, a promontory of Laconia: Duu, a hill. 
Tanetum a town on the Bo, Tan-etum : Aite, a place. 
Tanagra, a city of Bceotia : Cathair, a city. 
Tanus, a river of Argos : Abhuinn, a river. 
Tanis, a city of Egypt : Dun ? a hill, a town. 
Tapyrii, mountains of Asia ; Bar, a height. 
Tarpeia Kupes, a rock at Piome : Torr, a hill. 
Tarpeius and Tarpeia, from the above : ditto 
rarichea, a strong city of Palestine : ditto 
Tarodunnm, a town in Germany : Duu. 
Tarnse, a fountain in Lydia : Doir (obsolete), water, 

Taras, a sou of Neptune : ditto 

Tarasco, a town on the Ehoue ; ditto 

Tarnse, a river of Aquitania: ditto 

Tarsius, a river of Troas : ditto 

Tarus, a river of Gaul : ditto 

Tearus, a river of Thrace : ditto 

Tarraco, a town on the Spanish coast : ditto 

Tarsus, a town on the river Cydnus : ditto 

* Maophcrson, in his Notes on Ossian, gives a few derivations of name* 
of places. 



84 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 

Tartessus,atownatthemoutbof theBcetis: Doir, (obsolete), ivater, 

Tarresium, a city on the river Silis ; ditto 

Taunus, a mountain in Germany: Dun, a hill. 

Tauroscythse : Terr, a hill; scuit, a ivandering nation. 

Taurus, a mountain of Asia: Torr, a hill. 

Tauris, the peninsula called in the time of Herodotus (IV. 99.) 

Chersonesus Montosa, then Ch. Taurica, now the Crimea : Torr, 

a hill. 
Tauri, Taurica, from the ahove : Torr, a hill. 

Taurini, a people near the Alps : ditto 

Tauromenium, a town Sicily, near liiUs : ditto 

Taurus, a mountain in Sicily : ditto 

Taurisci : a tribe on the Alps : ditto 

Taui-asii, a people on the mountains in Samnium : Torr, a hill. 
Taletura, the summit of mount Taygetus : Tula, a hill; aite, a place. 
Teanum Apulicum, a city of Apulia : Dun, a hill, a toxon. 
Teanum Sidicinum, a city of Campania : ditto 

Telethus, a mountain in Boeotia: Tula, a hill. 
Tendeba, a fort in Stratonice : Dun, a hill. 
Tempsis, the ancient name of Mount Timolus : Tom, a hill. 
Tentyra, a town on the Nile : Dun, a hill, a town; doir, water. 
Terias, a river of Sicily: Doir, ivater. 
Tergeste, a sea-coast town of Italy : Doir, wafer. 
Terina, ditto ditto 

Terra, one of the most ancient deities : Tir, the earth, allied to tier, dr^y. 
Terioli, a fotified town in Italy : Torr,* a hill. 

(As a running stream is the 
easiest and most natural 
bonndry of land, and also 
the most common one, ter- 
minus was derived from 
Doir, traier. 
Teumessus, a kill : Tom, a hill. 

2 2 

Tetrica, a mountain of the Sabines, Te-tri-ca : Torr, a hill. 
Tetrapolis : Ceathair, /o!«- (Celtic c being often changed to Greek t ) ; 

baile, a town. 
Thaumasius, a mountain of Arcadia: Tom, a hill. 
Thaumaci, a town of Thessaly, on a height ? Tom : Acha, a place. 
Themiscyra, a city of Pontus : Cathair, a city. 
Theo — . Many names begin with Theo — ; Dia, God. 
Theocritus : Dia, God ; ceart, right. 
Theodonus, Theodotus : Dia, God ; do, to, 
Theopolis ; Dia : Baile, a town. 
Thei-mse : Doir, tvater. 

Thermaicus Sinus, a bay of Greece: Doir, water; sin, extend. 
Thermodon, a river of Pontus : Doir. 

a river of Boeotia : Doir. 

Thimarus, a fort of Greece : Tom, a hill; mor, great. 

Thorax, a mountain in Ionia : Torr, a hill. 

Thoruax, a mountain in Laconia: ditto 

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia: Doir, ivater. 

Thronium, a town near the river Boagrius : Torr, a hill. 

Thurium, a place in Greece near a fountain : ditto 

* Some names of places beginning with this sound, may be from Torr, a 
hill, the first towns being generally in elevated situations, in the same way 
as Dun, which primarily means a hill, is found a component in numerous 
names of towns ; the same is the case with regard to Biu-g, 



CLASSICAL PROPER NA:\rKS. 85 

Thyaniua, a promontory of Epirns.ncftv ft river: ])un,<(/ii7/; uisgo, icn/«r. 

Tiliiiln, a town of Sunlinia: Ti-bula; baile, a ioirn. 

'I'ilox, a L'lipo of t'orsicft : Tula, a hill. 

Tilpliussus, a mountain of Bicotia: Tula, « hill. 

TipliPrnuni, a town of Unibria: ^ „ , /n i,- i i • 

_i a town of Umbria: l""':^' " (""•« (Celtic 6 being 



-, a town of Samniiim : 



changed to p, and p lo ph.) 



Tifui-nus, a mountain of Samnium: Rar, a height. 

Tigranocerta, a city of Armenia: Catliair, « toini. 

Tiou, a town of Paplilagonia: Dun, a hill, a loun. 

Tingis a town of Africa, Tin-gis : ditto 

Titan, a name that has been applied to the sun : Teiiic,./(;r. 

Tithorca, a part of Mount Parnassus, Ti-thor-ea: Torr, a hill. 

a city on IMouut Parnassus: ditto 

Tmarus and Tomarus, a mountain of Epirus: Tom, a hill; mor, great. 

Toniaiann, a mountain in Peloponnesus : ditto 

Torus, a liill of Sicily : 'J'orr, a hill. 

Torone, a promontory of Greece: Torr, a hill. 

Tonea, a festival observed on the sea-shore : Toun, a wave. 

Toletum, a town of Spain, Tol-et-um : Aite, a place. 

Trajanopolis, a city of Thrace: Baile, a town. 

Treba, a town near the Anio : Doir, tvaler. 

Trerus, a river in Latium : ditto 

Trebia, a river in Gaul : ditto 

Triops, a son of Neptune : ditto 

Tricca, a city of Thessaly, near the Peneus : ditto 

Tricala, a hill-fort in Sicily : Torr, a hill. 

Trimontiuni, a town in Thrace: Tri, three; monadh, a hill. 

Tridentinre Alpes: Tri, three; deud, a tooth ; alp, high. 

Triopium, a promontory of Greece : Torr, a hill. 

Triopium, a town named from the above : ditto 

Tripolis, a city of Syria: Tri, three; baile, a town. 

Triton, a river of Bffiotia: Doir, ivater. 

a name of the Nile : ditto , 

a son of Neptune : ditto 

a river of Africa : ditto 

Tritonis, a lake in Africa: ditto 

Troas, a district on the coast of Asia Minor: ditto 
Trochois, a lake in Delos : ditto 

Trivia: Tri, three; uidhe, a way. 
Trivicum, a place among the Apulian mountains, 
131 3 

Tri-v-ic-um: Torr, a7»7Z; a.c\m, a place. 
Triumviri: Tri, three ; fir, men. 
Tunes, a city of Africa : Dun, a hill, a town. 
Tyana, a city of Cappadoeia : ditto 

Turobrica, a town in Bceotia: Doir; burg, a town. 
Tuntobrica, a town : Bmy„ a town. 
Tunetum, a place : Aite, a place. 
Turia, a river of Spain : ])oir, water. 

Turrus, a river of Ttaly : ditto 

Tyra, a river of Sarmatia: ditto 

Turuntus, a river of Sarmatia : ditto 
Tyrrhenum Mare, a part of the Mediterranean : Doir, water. 
Tyi-o, a river-n5'mph : ditto 

Troja, a city "built on an eminence:" Torr, a hill. 

Ufens, a river of Latium: Abh (obsolete), water. 



86 CELTIC OEIGIN OF 

Ulubrse, a town of Latium : Burg, a town, 
Undecemviri : Aon, o?je; deioli, iew; &v,men. 
Uranus, the most ancient of the gods : Ard? high, 
Urania, one of the Muses : ditto 

■= , a name of Venus : ditto 

^us, a termination of some names of rivers : Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 

Usciburgium, a town : Uisge ; burg, a toivn. 

Uxii, a people living on the river Oroatis : Uisge? water, 

V. Celtic h is sometimes changed to Latin F. 

Val — , Vel — , Vol — , Vul — . Some names of towns begin with these : 

Baile, a toicn. 
Vatieanus, a hill at Eome, so named from vales, as once it was the 

seat of Etruscan divination, Vati-canus : Faidh, a prophet ; ceann, 

a head, a hill. Prophets' Hill. 
Valentia, a name of Eome : Baile, a town. 

a city in Gaul : ditto 

a city in Spain : ditto 

Velica, a town of the Cantabri : ditto 

Velia, or Elia, a town of Campania : ditto 

Velitree, a town of Latium : ditto 

Velobrica, a town of the Nemetes : ditto 

Velleiaticum, a place in Italy : ditto 

Vellaunodunum, a town in Gaul : Dun. 

Vejovis, or Vejupiter, a deity supposed to be the same as Jupiter the 

infant, Ve-jovis : Beag, Utile. 
Var — , Ver — . Some names of towns begin with these : Burg, a tou-n. 
Vaiia, a town of Spain : Burg, a town. 

Verbigenus, a town of the Celts : ditto 
Vergium, a fort in Gaul : ditto 

Verbinum, a town in Gaul : ditto 

Vergium, a town in Spain : ditto 

Vercellse, a town in Gaul : ditto 

Verona, a towa in Gaul : ditto 

Verreginuin, a town of the Volsci : ditto 
Verrugo, a town of the Volsci : ditto 

Verulamium, near St. Albans : ditto 

Verovicum, Warwick : ditto 

Verlucio, Westbury : ditto 

Vertobrica, a town in Gaul : ditto 

Versaliffi, Versailles : ditto 

VerteriB, a town in Britain : ditto 

Veresis, name of a river, Ver-esis . Uisge, water, 
Vernemetis, the name of a temple in Gaul; 

123 

Fortunatus * says, it means •' a great temple " ; Ver-nem-et-is : 
I 2 3 

'M.or, great; naomh, /ioZj/; a.it&, a place. 
Vernonemetum, a place in Britain ; Mor; naomh; aite. 
Ver — , Vir — . The names of some natives of Gaul begin with these : 

Fear, a man. 
Vercingetorix, a Gaulish chief: Fear, a man; ceann, a head; righ, 

a king. 
Vergasillaunus, a general of VercingatorLx : Fear. 
Vergobretus, a chief of the ^Edui: Fear, man; gu, to; breith, judge 

(Macpherson). 

'* See Prichard's Physic. Hist of Mankind, iii. 127, 



CLASSICAL rROPEll NAMES. 8' 

Veritas : Fior, true. 

^'eragri, an Alpine tribe : Bar, a hcujhl. 

Vestini, a mountaineer race of Italy: Dun, u liill. 

Vicetia, a town ol' Gaul : Aite, a place. 

Vigornia, Worcester: Cathair, a loicn. 

Viudonissa, a town of the Helvetii: Dun, a liiU, n toint. 

Vindunum, a town of Gaul : ditto 

Yindoniagus, a town of Gaul : Magli, » phiin, a field. 

— vi," an affix, meaning little, as in Divi : JBeag, lUUc. 
Viadrus, a river of Germany : iJoir, walo: 
Viadus, a river of Germany; Ad (obsolete) water. 
Virdunum : Dun. 

Vertumnus, the god of spring : Feur, gra>is. 
Vii-iathus, a Lusitaniau : Fear, a man. 

Viridomai'us, an Aiduan chief: Fear, a man; maor, one in authority. 
Virtus : Feart, virtue. 
Volturnua, name of a wind : Aile, air. 
Volaterra;, a city of Etruria : Baile, a town. 

Voltumnee Fanum, a place in Etruria : ditto 
Volana, a town of the Samnites : ditto 

Volanum, a place in Armenia: ditto 

Voluba, Falmouth : ditto 

Volubilis, a town in Africa : ditto 

Volturnum, a town in Campania : ditto 

Vulsiuium, a town in Etruria : ditto 

Vulcanus: Buaill? strike. 
Volffi, a town of the JSqui : Baile, a town. 



In these etymological researches, I have derived aid from the fol- 
lowing sources: — Buchanan, horn in the county of StLrling, and most 
likely able to speak Gaelic, gives, in his History of Scotland, several 
groups of names beginning with Dunum-, Burg-, Sec In the Dic- 
tionarium Scoto-Celticum, published by the Highland Society of 
Scotland (2 vols. 4to. Edin. 1828), there are various references to 
proper names, and I have quoted Petit-Eadel, Falconet, Fenel, Mac- 
pherson. Professor Murray, Dr. Prichard, and Archdeacon AVilliams. 

For the sake of the young inquirer, I may mention that he will find 
interesting matter on Celtic or on general philology in Monboddo's 
Origin of Language ; Stewart's Gaelic Grammar ; Vans Kennedy on 
the Languages of Asia and Europe ; Brodie on Articulate Sounds ; 
Barclay's Sequel to the Diversions of Purley; and Maclean on the 
Celtic Language. 

The circumstance of my having now been some years absent from 
Scotland in a colony (Canada), where in most parts, there is little 
access to books, will explain my not referring to any publications on 
Celtic subjects which may have lately appeared. Celtic literature 
labours under this disadvantage, that of the few books which refer to 
it, it generally happens that only a few copies are printed, so that 
some works are seldom to be met with, and others are known only 
by name. I may thus have been discovering derivations which have 
already occurred to others; but I believe I have acknowledged all 
the aid I have borrowed. 



* Corresponding to the prefix ve— , as in vesanus. See Williams, in 
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1836 ; vol. xiii. p. 64. 



88 CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 

With regard to the application of these philological researches 
to the purposes of history ; the -way to explain the Celtic part of 
the Greek language, is by saying that the Pelasgi were Celts 
(Herodotus i. 57), and that the Grecian race originally was in some 
measure composed of them. 

The Pelasgi in Italy, along with other tribes, contributed to the 
formation of the Roman people; and thus the Latin tongue received 
some Celtic words and names in a direct manner, while others were 
introduced indirectly, through the medium of the Greek, from Latin 
writers at a later day borrowing from the Greek, words, some of which 
were from a Pelasgian or Celtic source. 

Note. — June, 1870. The above has about forty more names o^ 
places than it had when it appeared in 1845. 



APPENDIX 

TO CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 

OMIITEU IN TAllT riHST. 



Affinis, related to: Buin, beloritj. 
Abollg^rt robe: Feile, a^overing. 

Acer;?rus, a heap ; a-cer-2lis, perhaps allied to Cairn, cair-u, a heap. 
i^imulus, a rival : Amhuil, like. 

Acerbus, hitler : Acliiar, sliarp ; searbli, biller, disagreeable. 
Mque, as well : Agus, and. 

— atus, a termination of adjective, as sagulatus: — ta, a termination 
of Gaelic adjectives, as sgiobalfa.. 

Barbaras : Borb, wild. 

Bonus, rich. As pecuuia from pecus. At one time a person's wealth 

was represented by the number of cattle he liad : Bo, a cow. 
Balbus, stammering, Bolbutio: Beul, mouth; baoth, low, 
Cano, sing : Can, sing, say. 
Ccecus, blind: Caoch, blind. 
Crista, a comb : Cir, the crest of a cod: 
Cingo, encircle : Cuing, a yoke, bond. 
Uurus, hard : Dur, hard. 
Emacio, make lean: Beag, small. 
'Erro, wander: Each, g'o. 
Floreo, flo-reo : Blath, a flower. 
Fulgeo, shine : Boillsg, gleam, flash. 
Fero, hear; Far, give me, bring. 
Fallo, deceive : Meall, deceive. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial s, 
as ita, so, from sud, that. 
Integer, from intego, to cover in : Ann, in ; tigh, house. 
Integellus, a diminutive from integer. 
Ingruo, invade with great force : Greigh, a herd. 
Iracundus, irac-undus : Fearg, anger. 
Interpreter: 'Ea.da.r, between ; radh, s/)eec7z. 
Infesto, spoil, damage : Fas, u-aste, 
— itia, a termination of nouns, as justitia : — adh, a termination of 

Gaelic nouns. 
Itero, to do'a second time: Ath, again. 
Iterum, a second time : Ath, again ; am, time. 
Inyenio, find: Fion, examine, investigate. 



90 APPENDIX TO CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 

Invenustus : Bean, a tvoman. 

— ior, a termination of the comparative degree of adjectives, as 

mitis, meelc ; mitior, more meek : Fhearr, fearr, better, 
Labo, labor: Lapaich, become feeble. 

Malum, an apple, from melon ; Ball, a round object. 

Mugio, to bellow : Bo, a cow. 

Meo, go, from ce : Uidlie, a way. 

Motus, moveo, move : Mochd, move. 

Muto, change : Muth, change. 

Metuo, fear : Meat, faint-hearted. 

Mica, a crumb : Beag, little. 

Maceo, grow lean : Beag, small. 

Maritus, a husband : Fear, a man. 

Mas, maris, a male : Fear, a man. 

Oleo, to smell: Bol, smell. This has the same spelling but is a 

different word from : — 
Oleo, to grow : Al, nourish. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes initial 
tiop; see porcus, per. 
Porcus: Tor, a hog, a boar. 
Per, through : Tre, through. 
Prodo, betray : Brath, betray. 
Pulvis, pul-vis, powder : Bleith, gri7id. 
Puteus, a ivell, a pit : Pit, a holloio, 
Palacra, a lump of gold as it is found. Pliny says it is a Spanish 

word. Ball, a round object ; or, gold. 
Palaestra, lorestling, 8,'c. : Euaill, strike. 
Pelicanus, a bird of the sea ; Peli-can-us : Cuan, sea. 
Quidam, some : Cuid, some. 

Qualitas, quality: Cail, disposition, temper, quality. 
Eigeo, freeze : Bag, stiff, benumbed. 
Eucto : Eaoic, roar. 

Sol, solis, so-lis, the sun : Soillse, light ; solus, light ; leus, light. 
Storea, anything spread on the ground ; strages, Irp-, y, _„„„j 

stramen, sterno, stratum, stratus. > ^"■> '"^ Q^ouna. 

Sub — sus — under : Sios, dmvn. Is sus from sub, or sub from sus ? 
Sinuo, to bend : Sin, extend. 
Semper, always: Sior, always. Perhaps sior is the contraction of 

some word now lost. 
Sagum, a frock : Sac, a sack. 

Sterno, to spread on the ground, ivom stereo : Tir, the ground, 
Tollo, tuli, carry : Guilain, carry. 
Turpis, deformed, huge : Garbh, rough. 
Trabo, tracto, draw : Srac, tear, rob, spoil; tarruing, draw. 

— uesce, a termination of some verbs, as languesco : Fhas, fas, grow. 

Velo, clothe ; Feile, a covering. Although it has the same spelling, 

perhaps this is a different word from — 
Velo, conceal : Folaich, hide, conceal. 
Verto, turn : Fiar, bend, twist. 
Vulpes, a fox, vul-pes : Faol, a wolf. 
Vesper, evening : Fiar, the ivest. 

Zona., a girdle Zonarius, Zonula: Ceangal, cean-gal, cnczVcZe. 
Zephyrus, life-hearing: Beatha, life; beu-, carry. 



APPENDIX 

TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GEEEK. 

OMITTED IN TART SECOND. 



ALPHA. 



In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes : — 
prefixes a ; see ari, ame, athreo : 
omits initial I; as ado, celebrate from luaidh, praise : 
omits initial vi ; as aloar, grind from meil, grind. 

Aristos, best from Ares : Ar, battle. 

kves, the Greek god of war : Ar, battle. 

Ariston, a repast ; artos, bread : Aran, bread. 

Arrhen, a male : Fear, a man. 

Asia, marshy, icet : Uisge, water. 

Apheles, perhaps two words, simple : A privative ; feall, deceive. 

Apheles, sjna7Z: C&o\, small. { c to p; p to ph.) 

Apliia, apliias, a kind of plant : Fas, grotu, 

Aulos, a pipe : Caol, small. 

Aulos, a dart : Buaill, throw. 

Aulon, a valley : Caol, narrow. 

Anion, a meadoiv : Cluain, a lawn. 

Autos, himself : Sud, demonstrative pronoun, that. 

Amos, ivhen : Am, time. 

h.Tploos, simple: A, privative: &ll, fold. 

Arithmos, a number : Aireamh, number. 

Aithreo, see : Dearc : see. { dto t; t to th : a prefixed. ) 

Aimullo, deceive: Meall, deceive. 

Aiousa, hearing : Eisd, hear. 

Aipeine, heights : Beann, a hill. 

Aisso, rush : perhaps allied to Uisge, ivater. 

Aigialos, the sliore : Ach, a mound or bank; sal, the sea, 

Aleo, grind; MeJl, grind. 

Aleo, avoid ; Eile, another. 

Alexo, drive away, ^-c. : Buaill, strike. 

Aleotes, a collection : Uile, all. 

Aeido, celebrate : Luaidh, praise. 

Ainos, praise, assent : Can, sing, say. 

Achlus, darkness, Ach-lus: Ach — , ak — , privative ; leus, light, 

Alon, a threshing-floor Buaill, strike, beat. 

k\di,os, blind : A, privative ; lens, light. 

Aloa^, aloiao, bndse : Meil, grind. 



riiitipniiimi 



92 APPENDIX TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 

BETA. 
Bluzo, throiv water : Buaill, throw : uisge, ivaier. 
Elastano, germinate, bla-stano : Bileach, a leaf. 
Be, a shout : Eigh, a shout. 
Blosko, grow, blo-sko : Bileach, a leaf. 
Brazo, brasso, to be hot : Brath, fire. 
Brithus, great : Mor, great. 

GAMMA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes g, ge, 
or go ; and sometimes prefixes both go and g : see gelao, gelaso, 
gerus, grasses, gruzo, gogguzo. 
Geruo, sound : Radh, speech. 

Grasses, clamour : ditto 

Gruzo, si^eaTc softly : ditto 

Gogguzo, mc^ce a noise like running ivaier : Uisge, water. 
Gualon, a hallow : Cladh, a trench. 
Ga.0, produce, bring forth, grow : Ce, the earth. 
Genos, a nation : CieS!eadh, a nation. 
Geyia,?,, profit: Greigh, a herd. At one time, wealth was represented 

by flocks and herds. 
Geras, prey : Greigh, a herd. At one period of society, plundering was 

chiefly the driving off of cattle. 
Gortos, quick : Grad, move quickly. 
Gorgeuo, to horrify : Garbh, rough, savage. 
Glazo, to call : Glaodh, call. 
Gregoreo, to loatcli. At first applied to watching flocks; Greigb, a 

herd. ^ 

Gune, a ivoman : Coinne (obsolete), a ivsCman. 
Ge]ihuv3,, abridge: Ce, earth; heir, carry. Or from heir, carry, and 

ge, prefixed. 

DELTA. 
Diemos, fear : Tiom, afraid. 
DiTgloos, double : Da. two; Gl\t,afold. 
Dipsos, thirst : Di, tuant ; uisge, water. 
Deido, fear: Biuid, timid. 

EPSILON. 
Eteros, fflno/Zifi)' : Su.d,that; — ar, fhear, fear, ??ia?i. 
Eschatos, the last, es-ehatos : Ais, backwards. 
Ethelo, wish : Aill, will, desire. 
Eikei, there : Aig, at. 
Elaion, oil : Ola, oil. 
Eris, strife : Ar, battle. 
Ereido, make firm, er-eido : Tir, the ground. 
Eima, a garment : Uim, around. 

ETA. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial b, 
as eon from beaun, hekastos /rom beag. 
Eon, the shore, a bank: Beann, a hill. 
Hekistos, smallest : Beag, small. 
Hen, if: An, if. 
Emos, ivhen : Am, time ; the counter-word is temos, then ; an t' am, 

the time. 

THETA. 
Thalassa, the sea, th-al-assa: th is preflsed; — al from Sal, salt; — assa 



Ai'i'iiNOix lo u'ii.m Kiiii.KN ui- <-..i;i.i;k. '.'•; 

IOTA. 
In adopting a Celtic word, tlio Grcclv souutinits miiiu iiiitiul .«, 

us illosy'/ow suil. 
Ill adopting a Celtic word, tlie t-ircclc sdiiiclinics prefixes (', us 
idriio, from tir. 
lUos, the eye : Suil, (he eye. 
Idruo, /() place, make Jinn: 'I'ir, Uir graunil. 
Jon, alotic: Aon, one. 
lege, noise : Eigh, a shout. 

— ides, a termination of some nouns and signifying the suns of, us 
Oenieides, the sons of Oeneus ; — ides, from paides. imis : Taisd, 
(I child. 

KAPPA. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes /.-, as 
ktizo, build from tigh, a hausr ; kuo from uamh, « vaiw ; ktaomi 
1 jiossc.ss from ta ag mi ; kalos, J<iir from ailne, Invdy; kio, flo 
from uidhe, a way. And sometimes does this in a double 
manner, as kokus, kokuso, /" icccji, to dniji, from uisgo, water. 
Korusso, invira.'ic : Garbh, thick, not t/lntdrr. 
Karcharos, rough, kar-char-os ; Garbli, rough ; garbli, rough. 

(The word repeated.) 
Ivloios, a collar: Caol, narrow, small. 
Kolazo, restrain: Cul, back, behind. 
Kolono, diminish: Ca,ol, small. 

Koclilos, a shell, kochlias, kochliasion ; Cuach, a cup. 
Krios, a ram : Eeithe, a ram. 
Ktaomai, I possess: Ta aig mi, I possess; agam, / ji^isscos; aig mi, 

I possess. 
Kudos, praise, kudiazo, kudiao: from or allied to ode, ueido, '." Mug, 

to praise: Luaidh, /»n«'se ; i omitted by the Greek. 
IvvlYLos, feeble: CM, weak. 
Koti, what : Ciod, what. 
Kolos, noise : Glaodh, call. 

LAMBDA. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial c, 
as laia/>-om cli; leimon /com cluaiu ; leis .from cliath ; lissomai 
from cli. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial g, 
as la, an intensive prefix, /coHt gle au intensive prefix. 
Lochos, a cohort : Luchd, people. 
Logia, an assembly: Luchd, peop/e. 
Lego, speak : lolaeh, io-lach, a cry. 
Lao, see, laoso : Leiis, light. 
Leimon, a meadow : Cluain, a lawn. 
Leitos, public : Luchd, people. 

Leis, leidos, booty, also a number of cattle: Cliath, a body, a multitude. 
At an early period of society, booty or plunder consisted in 
driving off cattle. 
Litos, simple, low : Cli, humble, slow. 
La, an intensive prefix-. Gle, an intensive prefix. 
Laia, lejl : Cli, left. 

Leuos, a hollow jjlace in a meadow : Liune, a marsli. 
Lapto, to drink, to lap : Liob, lip. 
Leimaino, to smoothe: Liomh, smooth. 
Leibo, to pour : Liob, lip. 
Lagetes, a leader of the people : Luchd, people. 
Lissomai, beseech : Cli, humble. 



d-L APPENDIX TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GEEEK. 

MU. 
In adopting a Celtic word the Greek sometimes cliauges / to m : 
as mestos /;-o))i fas; miiihos from faidh. 
Mestos, full, replenished : Eas, grow, increase. 
Muthos, a smjhig, a prediction : Faidh, a prophet. 
Melon, the mamma ; Maol, a rounded summit. 
Memo, io gather in a heep : Mor, great. 
Malon, an apple: Ball, a round object. 
Mormuro, to murmur, also io inundate : Muii', the sea. 
Mon, if: An, if, 
Marnamai, to fight : Ar, battle. 
Me, not : Mi, not. 
Medeis, no one : Mi, not; aon, one. 

^^ OMIKRON. 
Opora, autumn, the'firsl of trees, o-pora: Beir, to hear. 
Oaros, conversation : Eadh, speech. 
OYigos, few; perhaps o is privative : Ijuchd, people. 
Oneidos, praise, on-eid-os : Luaidh, praise. Like ode, aeido ; I being 

omitted, 
Opiso, backwards, op-iso : Ais, backwards. 
Orusso, dig : Tir, the ground. 

OchvoB, pallid: Riochd, a person of a wan appearance. 
Oruo, to howl: Eadh, speech. 
Olios, the hollov) of the arm : Uilean, the elbow. 
Oigo, oiso, open, oix-o : Fosgail, fosg-ail, open ; f prefixed. 
On, not: Cha,, not (pronounced ha). 
Oudas, the ground : Fod, turf, a sod. 
Oaros, an overseer: Dearc, see. 
Olhos, wealth, olhios, ivealthg: Vile, all, many ; ho, a cow. At one time 

wealth consisted in the number of one's cattle: like pecunia 

from pecus. 

PI. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
c to p ; perhaps in the middle of a word it does the same, as 
hippos /com each. 
Para, above, near, across. Perhaps there are three words here having 

the same spelling, but a different meaning and derivation: — 
Para, above : Bar, top. 
Para, near : Eoi, before. 
Para, across : Tar, across, 
Pera, above, beyond. Perhaps there are two words here having the 

same spelling, but a different meaning and derivation : 
Pera, above : Bar, top. 
Pera, beyond : Tar, across. 
Peri. Perhaps there are five words having this spelling, but a different 

meaning and derivation : 
Peri, around : Cuairt, a circle. 
Peri, before : Eoi, before. 
Peri, intensive prefix very : Eo, very. 
Peri, meaning to excel as in pereimi, io excel : Bar, top. 
Peri, through: Troimh, through. 
Pro. Perhaps these are two words here, having the same spelling 

but a different meaning and derivation : 
Pro, before- Eoi, before. 
Pro, intensive prefix : Eo, very. 



APPENDIX TO CELTIC OPJGIX OP (lUEEK. ilO 

Polios, white: Geal, white. 

Polos, the ijouiij/ of any animal : Caol, small. 

Polos, afual, a youiiii horse: Caol, small; or capull, cii-iiull, a mare. 

TturOj/rii/htcn: Crith, choke. Celtic c changed to t, iiuJ p pretixed. 

Passo, sprinkle : Uisge, water. 

Vali, formerli/ : perhaps from Cul, behind. 

Pale, pnlin, backwards: Cul, behind. 

V&le, the finest flour: pollen: Caol, small, fme. 

Pale, strife, palaistra ; Buaill, strike. 

Pelikan, a bird of the sea, peli-kan ; Cuan, the sea. 

Pelus, pelukus, an a.ve : Buaill, strike. 

Pelor, a monster : Ball, a member of society, (J-c: — or, mhor, mor, great. 

PylOB, a general name among the Greeks for any narrow 2>ass: Bealach,o 

pass ; caol, narrow. 
Penia, poverty, want : Caoin, lament. 
Pio, piso, drink, allied to Misg, drunken7iess. 
Polus, many, all : Uile, all. 
Portheo, lay waste. The easiest way of doing so was by fire : Erath, 

fire, 
Poros, a ferry : Frith, a Jirth ; or, heir, carry. 
Porthmos, a^riA : ¥vi\h,afirth. Frith-muir, or frith-mara, unarm 

of the sea. 
Prophetes, a prophet : Faidh, a prophet. 
Phatizo, / say : Faidh, a prophet. 

Pheme,/am«, from phemi, say, from phao ; Faidh, a prophet, 
Phelos, an impostor: Feall, deceive. 
Pelei, it is near: Le, with, along with. (Greek sometimes prefixes p, 

01- pc, ov pi to Celtic words). 
Peisos, a moist spot : Uisge, water. 
Preten, a lamb : Eeithe, a ram. 
Prepo, I excel : Bar, top. 

RHO. 
In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial 4 ; 
as rhno frovi saor; vheo from srac ; rhin from sron. Some- 
times omits initial 6; as rliesso//'om bris. 
Rhuo,/ree: Sa.01; free. 
Eheo draiv : Srac, rob, tear, 
Ehos, head, top : Eos, a promontory. 

SIGMA. 
Seio, move, shake; seuo, agitate: HaXh, thrust, push. 
Sitos,/oofZ : Ilh, eat. 

Smarageo, to resound, to roar (like the sea?) : Muir, mara, the sea. 
Stoa, a porch, a house : Tigh, a house. 
Stulos, a column. Perhaps from Caol, slender (c changed to t, and s 

prefixed). 
Sphen, a wedge: Geinue, a wedge ( g changed to p ; p to ph; and s 

prefixed). 
Stereos, solid: Tii', the ground. 

Sigao, to be silent : Sith, quietness ( perha^is sith ought to sigh. ) 
Storeo, spread on the ground : Tir, the ground. 
Saleuo, move like the sea : Sal, the sea. 

TAU. 

Tarbos,/ear, tremble: Crith, shake. 
Tereo, to bore : Car, a turn. 



!ir, APPENDIX TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 

Terma, a foundry: Doiv, ivater. 
Terpo, to please, ter-po : Gradb, luve. 

UPSILON. 

Hiipo, liupho, )(?u/er; hupho, as in huplioras; Ini-pho : Fo, unrl 
Hugies, 1/00(1, lucky: Aqh,joi/,fellci(>/. 

PHI. 
Phlao, beat : Buaill, strike. 

Phlego, phlexo, burn, illuminate, ph-lexo: Lens, lii/ht. 
Plireo, emit : Beir, carry, 
Plirike, /««;■ : Crith, shake. 
Phtlioggos, a tongue : Teanga, a tongue. 

PSI. 
Psallo, strike gently: Buaill, strike (b to p ; p to ^)s). 
Psias, psiados, a drop of water, ps-iad-os : Ad, (obsolete) water. 
Psilos, small : Gaol, small (c top; p to ps). 
Psix, a crumb : Beag, small (6 to p ; p to ps). 
Psocho, break small : Beag, small. 

Psuche, life, the soul : Beo, alive; beatha, life {b to p ; p to ps ). 
Psellos, stammering : Beul, the mouth ( b to p ; p to ps). 

OMEGA. 
Ode, an ode : Luaidh, praise ( I profixo 4)- ^r^-'-zJ-^^S^J • 
Odune, desire much : Dian, eager, vehement. 
Obea, eggs : Ubh, an egg. 
O&zo, hear: FAsA,hear. 



Araios, araion, thin, narrow : Crion, small. 

Arneomai, deny, ar-neo-mai: Neo, 7iot. 

Blema, a coverlet : Feile, a covering. 

Bregma, the top of the head : Bar, top. 

Brabeus, a Judge, bra-beus : Breitb, j«(?!/??!^n/. 

Enos, a year: Eang, a year. 

Eri, intensive prefix. There are two words here, having the same 

spelling, bat a different meaning and derivation : — 
Eri, very: lio, very. 
Eri, high : Ard, high. 

Erinus, or Fury, an avenging deity: Ac, battle, slaughter. 
Eris, tlie goddess of strife: Ar, battle. 
Eune, a sleeping-place : Suain, sleep. 
Ethos, an accustomed place : Aite, a place. 

In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
c and g to th (as it clianges c and g to t) • see thranos, threo, 
threnos, 
Thranos, a bench : Crann, a beam, 
Threo, to wail : Gaoir, noise, pain. 
Threnos, wailing: Coronach, the lamefUfor the dead. 
Skaios, left : Sgiath, a shield (carried on the left arm or in the left 

hand.) 
Opazo, tofolhnv, op-azo: Ais, behind. 



APPENDIX. 



ESSAYS AND PAPERS BY THOMAS STRATTON, 

M.l>. of the Univcmly (if Edinbuiyli, I .lit,/Hsl, 18;!7.- 

Licnl'mtc of the Royal Colleijc of Sui-jjcom of Kdinhunjh, 1 « Ainll, 1837 ; 

Slaff-Surgeon, Royal Navy, 13 May, 1859 ; 

Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets, T> June, 1867. 

in'DJLISIfED IN THK F.DINllURGII JIEDICAI, AND SURGICAI. JOUBNAL,. 



1. f'ase of Anthracosis, or Black Infiltration of the whole Lungs. 

Number for April, 1838. 

2. On the Lake Fever of Canada. Apnl, 1841. 
8. On the Winter-Hydrophobia of Canada. April, 1842. 

4. An Account of Twenty-two Cases of Gun-shot Wounds received 

in Canada in 1838. " October, 1842. 

5. On the Comparative Frequency of the Morning and Evening 

Pulse. January, 1843. 

0. On the Existence of Entozoa in the Shut Cavities of Living 

Animals; with a Case. ./"((iy, 1843. 

7. On the Employment of Belladonna in Trismus and Hydro- 

phobia. July, 1843. 

8. On Glossitis and Delirium Tremens. October, 1843, 
0. Case of Asthmatic Ague. October, 1843. 

10. Proposal of a New Scale for the Graduating of Thermometers. 

January, 1844. 

11. On the Plate of Mortality in the Medical Department of the 

British Navy for Twenty-five years. January, 1844. 

12. On Quotidian Intermittent Fever. April, 1844. 

13. Additional Notes on a Proposed New Thermometric Scale. 

July, 1844. 

14. On Tertian Intermittent Fever. April, ISV). 

15. Notice of an Ex>idemic of Scarlet Fever and Scarlet Sore Throat 

which prevailed in 1843-41. April, 1845. 

16. On Malarial Fevers, as observed in Canada from 1838 to 1845. 

Part I. On Malarial Continued Fever. July, 1845. 

17. Case of Gun-shot Wound, and Excision of the Head of the 

Humerus. January, 1846. 

18. On Malarial Fevers, as observed in Canada from 1838 to 1816. 

Part TI. Analysis of Repeated Attacks in the same Individual. 

July, 1846. 



98 APPENDIX. 

19. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1843 and 1844.- 

January, 1847. 

20. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1845. July, 1847. 

21. On the Comparative Deodorizing Powers of the Disinfecting 

Fluids of Sir William Burnett, and of Mr. Ledoyen. 

January, 1844. 
33. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1846 and 1847. 

January, 1848. 

23. Piemarks on the Sickness and Mortality among the Emigrants 

to Canada in 1847, and Suggestions for an improved Method 
of Regulating Future Emigration. July, 1848. 

24. Eemarks on Antiseption, Deodorization and Disinfection, and 

on Sir William Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid, the Solution of 
the Chloride of Ziue. October, 1848. 

25. Cases of Piocovery from Poisoning with Chloride of Zinc, and 

the Proposal of an Antidote for this Poison. October, 1848. 

36. Additional Notes on the Sickness and Mortality among the 
Emigrants to Canada in 1847. January, 1849. 

27. Contribution to an Account of the Diseases of the North 

American Indians, Jjml, 1849. 

28. On tlie Comparative Therapeutic Powers of Quinine and 

Bebeerine. October, 1849. 

39. Medical Eemarks on Emigrant Ships to North America. 

January, 1850. 

80. History of the Epidemic Cholera in Chatham and Eochester 
in 1849. Ajml, 1851. 

31. Notice of the Chatham and Eochester Leper Hospital, 

July, 1851. 

32. On the British Naval Medical Department, and that of the 

United States. January, 1852, 

33. On the Employment of a Loog Flexible Stethescope for Self- 

auscultation. January, 1852. 

34. Additional Eemarks on Naval Medical Mortality for Ten Years. 

January, 1858. 

35. Meteorological Observations in Prince-Edward Island, in 1851. 

April, 1853. 

36. Statistics of Shipwreck-Mortality in the British Navy for Fifty- 

seven Years. July, 1853. 

87. On Poisoning with Chloride of Zinc, and on a lately-published 

Case thereof; with Notes of Eight Cases. July, 1854. 

38. On the Bate of Mortality, in the Medical Department of the 

British Navy, for the Nine years ending in 1860. March, 186 1 . 
Likewise other Communications in the Numbers for January, 1849 ; 

July, 1843 ; Ajjril, 1850 ; and April, 1853. 



APPENDIX— BrBLTOGRA.PHY. nO 

Eeid's Bibliotlieca Scoto-Celtica, or an Account of all tho Books 
which have been printed in the Gaelic Language, Glasgow, 1832. 
72 and 178 pages. J2/- 

Tt is much to be desired that we had an edition brought down to 
the pi-esent tiuie. 

The Poems of Ossian, in the Original Gaelic, with a Latin translation 
by Robert IMrtcfarhui, A.M., an Essay by Sir John Sincloir, Bart., and 
Notes by John Macarthur, L.L.U. Published by the Highland 
Society of London. London, 1807. 3 vols. 8vo. 42/- 

Some of Ossian's Lesser Poems, rendered into verse, with an 
Essay, &c. by Archibald Macdonald. Liverpool and London, 1800. 
28i pages. 

Dartliubi, a Poem of Ossian, rendered into Blank Verse by — Burke. 

Diirthula, a Poem of Ossian, translated into Greek by the Hon. and 
Kev. William Herbert, Dean of Manchester. 

Macgregor's Genuine Poems of Ossian, 1841. 

Concise Historical Proofs respecting the Gael of Alban, and the 
Highlanders of Scotland, by Colonel James A. Robertson. Second 
Edition, 1850. 542 pages. 6/- This is a most interesting work. 

The Gaelic Topography of Scotland, by Col. James A. Robertson, 
1859. 544 pages. 7/6. The author deserves well of all Highlanders. 

Words and Places by the Rev. Isaac Taylor, A.M. 2 vols., London, 
lf-i[)4. This admirable work was first seen by me in January, 1869. 
The writer takes comprehensive views. It is one of the most im- 
portant xmblications relating to Celtic Literature. 

The Gaelic Language, its Classical Affinities and Distinctive Cha- 
racter; a Lecture by John Stuart Blaokie, F.R.S.E,, Prof, of Greek 
in the University of Edinburgh. Edinb., Edmonstou and Douglas, 
1864. 32 pages. I have taken four or five derivations from this 
instructive pamphlet. 

In the Dublin University Magazine for October and Decembei-, 
1869, and January, 1870, ai-e articles on Celtic subjects. 

Macalpine's Gaelic-English Dictionary. 5/- 

Macalpine's English-Gaelic Dictionary. 5/- 

Bannister's Glossary of Cornish Names of Places. Printed by 
— Netherton, Truro. To be in ten parts. Part fourth was published 
in June, 1870, 

Macalpiiie's Gaelic Grammar. 1/6. Forbes' Gaelic Grammar. 3/6. 

Obermueller's German-Celtic Historical and Geographical Dic- 
tionary, or Deutsch-Keltisohes Woerterbuch, Ludwig Deuicke, 
Leipzig: Williams and Norgate, London and Edinburgh. 1867. 

Stuart Glennie's Arthurian Localities in Scotland. 1870. 

Edmunds' Names of Places in England and Wales. 1869. 7/6. 

Joyce's Irish Names of Places. 1870. 7/6. 

Patronimica Cornu-Britannica, or the Etymology of Cornish 
Surnames by Charnock. 176 pages. 1870. 7/6. 

On the Stady of Celtic Literature, by Matthew Arnold, 1867. 8/6. 

The last eight works I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing. 
Messrs. Maclachlan and Stewart, South Bridge, Edinburgh, issue a 
list of Gaelic Books, Grammars, Dictionaries, and works relating to 
Gaelic Literature, and to this list I beg to refer the young student of 
the ancient language of Scotland. 



APPENDIX. 



THE HIGHLAND SOCIETY OF CANADA 
Is a branch of the Highland Society of London. In 1844, it held 
its meetings at the town of Cornwall, on the left bank of the St. 
Lawrence, eighty two miles above Jlontreal. The number of its 
honorary members was limited to twelve ; on account of the Celtic 
Origin of Greek and Latin, the Society in 1844 made me an honorary 
member. An account of the Society by Archibald John Macdonnell, 
of Greenfield, Canada, was published in 1844, by Armour & Eamsay, 
Montreal. 



THE GRAMPIAN CLUB (OF LONDON) 
Was founded in the autumn of 1868, for printing some manuscripts 
and original works relating to Scottish literature, history, and anti- 
quities. In 1869, the work issued was Dr. Eogers' Scotland Scocial 
and Domestic. One vol. 8vo., 380 pages. 

For 1870, the Jacobite Lairds of Gash, 504 pages, appeared in June, 
edited by Mr. Kington Oliphant; and in November, 1870, the Char- 
tulary of Cambitslcenneih Abbey, will likely appear. The Piev. Charles 
Rogers, L.L.D., is the honorary secretary. The honorary treasurer, 
is Alfred Gliddon, Esq., City Bank, 159 Tottenham -Court Road, 
London. In June, 1870, the Club has above a hundred members; as 
one of them, I take this opportunity of helping to make known the 
national objects it has in view. The expenses are limited to postages 
and stationery. Of course the more members a Printing Club has, 
the more it is able to publish. There is no limit to the number of 
members. One guinea is the yearly payment, due in January, 

June, 1870. 




John Smith, Machine Printer, 40 & 41 Treville Street, Plymovth. 



Gaelic /Boohs Sold by Maclachlan and Stewart. 

History of Animals Named in the Bible, 

History of Prince Charles, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 
Uitto ditto cheap edition., sewed, 

History of Joseph, sewed, 

Innes' Instruction to Young Enquirers, 18mo, ... 
Jacobite Songs, with Portrait of Prince Charles, 

James' Anxious Enquirer, 12mo, 

M'Alpine's Gaelic and English Pronouncing Dic- 
tionary, with Gramma,r, 12mo, cloth, 
... Ditto ditto half bound calf, 10 

... Gaelic and English, separately, cloth, 
. . . English and Gaelic, separately, cloth, 

... Gaelic Grammar, 12mo, cloth, 

M'Callum's History of the Church of Christ, 8vo, 

... The Catholic or Universal Church, 

Poems and Songs, 12mo, sewed, 

M'Cheyne's (Rev.. R. M.) Another Lily Gathered, 

sewed, 
MaccoU's Mountain Minstrel, Clarsach Nam Beann, 
iSmo, cloth. Is 6d. The same, English, ... 

M'Diarmid's Sermons, 8vo, 

M'Farlane's Manual of Devotion, 12mo, bound, 

Life of Joseph, 18mo, cZo//;, 

M'Intyre's (Duncan Ban) Poems and Songs, 18mo, 
M'Intyre (Rev. D.) on the Antiquity of the Gaelic 
Language ; showing its affinity to Hebrew, 
Greek, and Latin, with Supplementary Essay, 
Mackay's (Rob DonnJ Songs and Poems, 8vo, ... 
Mackenzie's (A.) History of Scotland, Eachdraidh 

na H-Alba, 12mo, cloth, 3 6 

Macleod's (Rev. Dr) Caraid nan Gaidheal, or the 

Highlander's Friend, 8vo, cloth, 16 6 

. . . Sermon on the Life of the late ; by Rev. John 

Darroch, 8vo, se?£;eJ, 1 

M'Leod and Dewar's Gaelic Dictionary, 8vo, cloth, 10 6 
M'Lauchlan's (Rev. Dr) Celtic Gleanings, or 
Notices of the History and Literature of the 
Scottish Gael (in English), fcap, 8vo, cloth, 2 6 
M'Naughton (Peter) on the Authenticity of the 

Poems of Ossian (in English), 8vo, 6 

M'Gregor's (Rev. Dr) Hymns, 18mo, c/o^A, ... 8 



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Gaelic Books Hold li// Miiclttddiin and t'^hirai-t. 



iMacilonald's (Rev. l)r) Gaelic roeins, ISmo, clolli, 

llyiiiiis, 18mo, t^eiccd, 

Mackenzie's Beauties of Gaelic i'oetiy, rl. Hvo. ... 

Gaelic Melodist, 3"2mo, 

]\I'Eaclierii's Life and Hymns, 12ino, sewed, 

Mackay's Higidaiid Pipe Music, 35s. for 25 

M'Lean's (Rev. D.) Hymns and Poems, ... 
Macplierson's " Duanaire," a New Colleclioii of 

Songs, &c., never before published, l8mo, cl. 2 
Mountain Songster, the Choicest Collection of 
Original and Selected Gaelic Songs now 
known, 18mo, sewed, Cd ; j)er dozen 

Muir's (Dr.) Sabbath Lessons, by Forbes, sewed, 

Munro's Gaelic Grammar, ISmo, hound, 

Gaelic Primer and Vocabulary, 12mo, ... 
Selection of Gaelic Songs and Glees, with 

Music, ISmo, boimd, 

Old, The, Old Story, Gaelic and English, sewed, 
Ossian's Poems, new edition, revised by Rev. Dr 

M'Lauchlan, 18mo, cloth, 

Pattison's Gaelic Bards, English Translation, 
Peden's Two Sermons and Letters, 18mo, sewed. 
Prayers and Admonitions, (series of t^ix, large type,) 

in packets of 2 dozen, sor/erf, 

Psalm Book, Smith's or Ross's, large type, 18mo, bd. 
Do. Gaelic and English, Is. 6d. and 

Ross's Shorter Catechism, Id ; per dozen, 

Ross's (William) Gaelic Songs, 18mo, cloth, 

Ryle's (Rev. J. C.) Peace \%e Still 

Sinner's (The) Friend, 12mo, sewed, 

Sixteen Short Sermons, 12mo, sewed, 

Sinclair's Statement of the Breadalbane ("ase, ... 
Spurgeon's Sermon, " Things that accompany Sal- 
vation," 8vo 

Sum of Saving Knowledge, 12mo, seiced 

Thomson's (Dr) Sacramental Catechism, 1 8mo, sewed, 

Watts' Divine Songs, with Cuts, 

Whitfield's Sermons, ISmo, sewed, 

Willison's Sacramental Catechism, 12mo, seyied, 
BIBLES, TESTAMENTS. AND PSALM BOOKS, 
VARIOUS PRICES, BINDINGS, AND SIZK.s. 



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